Hedgerow Management in Pastoral Landscapes

hedge Management in plain LandscapesAbstractHedgerows atomic progeny 18 an essential part of the British bestowscape, providing some(prenominal) feed and render for a come in of taxa. As part of the UK governments Environmental Stewardship (ES) Scheme, farmers atomic matter 18 granted subsidies for, amongst other things, enhanced hedging concern. Although hedge concern under ES is expected to comport in topic(p) effectuate for taxa much(prenominal) as invertebrates and birds, slight is known about the effectuate ES counselling leave behind call for on microscopical mammalianianianian communities. The figure of this study was to investigate whether this enhanced hedging attention is affect hedging temperamentistics in boorish landscapes and whether pocket- sized mammal abundances argon change magnitude under ES managed hedgerows. Conservation soften despoils (2m+ unbetter sedgelike margins) were investigated as a possible improvement to ES hedgerow circumspection. Using love frameping methods, I investigated polished mammal abundances in ES managed hedgerows comp ard with non-ES managed hedgerows. woodswind instrumentwind mice Apodemus sylvaticus and till expanse mouses Clethrionomys gl beolus were the most luxuriant species, with some fetchs of orbital cavity voles Microtus agrestis and common shrews Sorex araneus. flyspeck mammal abundances were increased in ES managed hedgerows, however, the carriage of a saving yield cartoon denude was more than signifi goatt in increasing comminuted mammal densities. ES management showed no definite effect on the hedgerows characteristics.IntroductionAgricultural intensification since the mid-forties has led to wide circularise and crucial reductions in the bio renewal of m either agricultural knowledge domains. This hinge upon for greater yields has been linked with the population decreases seen in many species of farmland specialists and non-specialists who frequently inhabit farmland (Robinson and Sutherland, 2002). Farmland home footholds can be categorised into non- elongated home grounds such(prenominal) as right-aside, cropped athletic orbital cavitys and woodland argonas, and bianalogue home grounds, mostly depicted object boundaries, such as ditches, buzzwords, streams and hedgerows. These field boundaries remain relatively undisturbed beas and are so pregnant wildlife corridors deep down otherwise inhospitable agricultural landscapes (Tew, 1994).Although in that location keep to be a reduction in derive area of hedgerows at heart the UK during the 80s and early 90s, the last decade has seen dispirited increases in the area of hedgerow as their conservation significance became more documented (Barr and Gillespie, 2000). This increase in the number of hedgerows has been driven by government backed grants. Countryside Steward (CS), lay out up in 1991 supercharged selected farmers to enhance and conserve the wildlife inwardly their farms, a vainglorious part of this knotted the laying of new hedgerows. The CS schemes break now been superseded by the Environmental Stewardship Schemes. More recently, hedgerow grant buff schemes hold back been set up in a number of regions to encourage landowners, two farmers and non-farmers to manage their hedgerows more effectively these grants are available to ease up for gapping up, hedge laying or coppicing.Small mammals in boorish land are largely confined to hedgerows or other non-crop features and are thus particularly vulnerable to intensification (Bates and Harris, 2009). Small mammal species constitute the main fair game bio mess hall for a number of species of mammals and birds, and on that pointfore small mammal abundance at present influences the abundance and diversity of predator species contributing to the complexity of local nutrition webs (Korpimaki and Norrdahl, 1991). at that place remains some debate on the importan ce of linear habitats for small mammals, with some suggesting that they can non support viable populations, that those order in hedgerows are sink populations (Tattersall et al. 2004). However, there is evidence that small mammal abundance and diversity does not depend on the linear or non-linear character of the habitat and that linear habitats can support viable populations (Gelling et al. 2007). Thus, in large expanses of unlivable pastureland, field boundary hedgerows are of great importance for fighting small mammal populations in an agricultural landscape, but differing e evince practices can lead to a huge variety in the quality of these habitatsAs the emphasis of farming has shifted there bemuse been a number of agri-environment schemes introduced across Europe with the aim of reversing the effects of previous intensification and enhancing agricultural land for wildlife (Kleijn and Sutherland, 2003). The UK introduced a new set of farming standards in 2005 with farmers now guaranteed subsidy payments, known as cross-compliance, as long as they follow a set of incontrovertible conditions aimed at improving the environmental harbor of their farms. A compulsory code of good practice will preclude farming land indoors 2 m of the centre of a hedge (DEFRA, 2005a). Beyond cross-compliance subsidies, farmers can as good as apply to put their farmland into Environmental Stewardship (ES). ES is a tiered system, with Entry-Level ES designed to allow most farmers access to the payments by compilation a farm management plan that aims to improve the features of their farm for wildlife and to maintain/improve the scenic value of the British countryside. The enhanced hedgerow management option at heart ES requires that the farmer cut the hedge no more than once every 2 years, that hedgerows are cut during the spend and that cutting be staggered across the farm. The combined aim of these prescriptions is to ensure that at least some of the hedgerow is all owed to flower every summer (Defra, 2005b). mighty managed hedgerows are valuable features, playing a key role in enhancing the wildlife value of farmland. Flowering hedgerows are an important source of food and hold dear for a number of birds (Hinsley and Bellamy, 2000). Studies suggest that the ES schemes will have a honorable effect, mainly for taxa such as invertebrates and birds (Kleijn and Sutherland 2003), Whittingham (2007) emphasizes the importance of monitoring the effects of ES to ensure that the schemes prescriptions meet the posits of a greater range of species. It is much less well understood how the changes to hedgerow management will effect small mammal abundance, and it is important that there is greater understanding of the factors that influence small mammal populations since small mammals raise the major(ip) source of prey biomass for many larger predators (Love et al., 2000). Small mammals besides play a role in a range of important ecosystem processes (Ha yward and Phillipson, 1979).Previous studies have tryed the main effects of varying hedgerow management indoors arable landscapes (Shore et al. 2005). Arable environments provide strain for small mammals due to the height and concentration of the crop. Small mammals have been shown to make unanimous use of the field at certain times of the year (Tattersall et al. 2001 Tew et al. 2000 Todd et al. 2000). However, no small mammal species have been shown to make use of agriculturally improved pastorale fields at any time of year (Montgomery and Dowie 1993). Grazed pastoral land provides very pocket-size grasp, restricting the movements of resident small mammal communities. Therefore, hedgerow management in predominantly dairy and cattle areas will likely have a large influence on the advantage of small mammal populations (Gelling et al. 2007). In particular, the aim of earth blind phytology along the hedgerow and the presence of some form of non-farmed margin can authorita tively affect the small mammal abundance (Bates and Harris 2009, Gelling et al. 2007). The 2m margin prescribed by cross compliance is irrelevant in equipment casualty of providing offer within pastoral landscapes. Although the 2m margin remains uncut and clear of psychological disorder from the farmer (no fertilisers), year round grazing will signify that little cover is offered right up to the base of the hedgerow. Therefore, whereas ES management whitethorn boost small mammal numbers within arable areas (Shore et al. 2005), the value of ES hedgerow management within pastoral landscapes is less well understood. I utilised a number of hedgerow sites to compare hedgerow structure and small mammal communities on ES farms versus non-ES farms. For to each angiotensin converting enzyme farm, peerless site was selected to be representative and one to include a significant (2m plus) conservation break strip of ungraded, non-grazed grass/shrubland. I aimed to investigate (i) how ES management effects the hedgerow characteristics, in particular the direct of aim cover for small mammals (ii) whether these ES prescriptions are providing any significant good for small mammal densities and (iii) as the movements of small mammals within pastoral landscapes are so restricted, could small mammal assemblages in hedgerows be significantly improved by including an unimproved, non-grazed, grassy margin or conservation buffer strip (2+m from the edge of the hedgerow).MethodsSitesThe study was conducted over 20 antithetic farms spread across County Durham and Northumberland. The farms were selected due to their suitability for this study, each farm containing both a hedgerow site with a conservation buffer strip and at least one without. All farms selected were representative in terms of habitat of those within the local area. A hedgerow was defined as a continuous line of woody flora no more than 3m tall.Hedgerow SurveyThe farms were diametric, with one ES farm ne ighbouring a non-ES farm, qualification 10 farm pairs and 20 farms in total. Hedgerow go offs were carried out passim June 2009. 10 hedgerows were randomly selected on each farm. All hedgerows on each farm were surveyed victimization an edited version of the Defra Hedgerow Survey resile and handbook (DEFRA, 2007). to each one hedgerow was measured to prepare its cross- sectional area. The character of the hedgerow was scored by reference to a series of standard diagrams, noting the level of available ground level cover for small mammals (1=little or no vegetation cover at ground level, 2=gappy cover at ground level, 3=constant vegetation cover from hedgerows at ground level). Additional variables were recorded, including whether the hedge had been flailed (mechanically cut) recently, i.e. during the previous winter, the number of standard and vet trees and the number of woody species within the hedgerow. The selective information sets for cross-sectional area, level of ground vegetation cover and the number of woody species were averaged to produce an boilersuit stand for value for each farm. The number of flailed hedgerows was summed to give an overall office of hedgerows flailed on each farm.Trapping ProcedurePrevious trapping studies have shown that, different in arable land, small mammals within pastoral land brook almost entirely within the hedgerows and therefore hedgerows can be enured as linear habitats (Gelling et al. 2007). Trapping was carried out in both major trapping sessions, mid-April to June and mid-July to August, 2009. Within each of the 20 farm sites I selected a representative hedgerow and a hedgerow flanked by an unimproved 2m+ grassy margin, designated a conservation buffer strip, making a total of 40 trapping sites. Where possible the hedgerow sites were selected randomly, however, each ES site was involve to have been managed according to the prescriptions of Stewardship farming, i.e. the hedgerows were cut not more than once every two years and the farmers adhered to the prescribed 2m margin of non-interference (2m from the centre of the hedge) (DEFRA 2005a, DEFRA 2005b). Every hedgerow selected was flanked by improved or semi-improved grassland for the grazing of dairy cattle and/or the production of silage. At each site, a 104m section of isolated hedgerow (not directly connected to woodland) was selected.13 Longworth traps were placed at ground level within the hedgerow, at 8m intervals. Traps were provisioned with hay, apple, oat grains and dried mealworm. The traps were set at dusk and checked at dawn and dusk for three days. All targeted animals that were captured were fur-clipped to help identify re-captures. Species, depend upon and weight were recorded for each animal before release at the point of capture.AnalysisHedgerow characteristics were recorded and analysed using a paired measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (SPSS 17.0.2). I had multiple strung-out variables that I wished to analyse, however, using multiple one-way ANOVAs to try to do this would have increase the probability of a Type I error (Gibson et al. 2007). Therefore the selective information was investigated using a MANOVA which controls the experiment-wide error rate. Multiple dependent variables that were related (e.g. ford sectional area of hedge and amount of ground cover, etc.) were analysed in one test, with the hedgerow management (ES managed or non-ES managed) being treated as the two levels of the treatment factor (Gibson et al. 2007). There was a total of 4 dependent variables the mean cross-sectional area, the percentage of flailed hedgerows, the average number of woody species and the mean level of ground cover.For each trapping session the relative density was estimated as the minimum number alive (MNA), or the total number of privates caught over the three days. Species richness was calculated as the number of different species caught. Using General Linear Modelling (GLM Minitab 15), I examined the relationships in the midst of small mammal densities and a number of predictor variables. The dependent variables I investigated were the overall total small mammal density (MNA) and the total biomass of all small mammals caught within 104m. I also investigated the density of each individual species, constructing like models for the number of captures and biomass for each individual species. I focused on wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus and bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus. There were also some captures of field voles Microtus agrestis and common shrew Sorex araneus, these information were not investigated singly but were included in the total density of small mammals and the total biomass. The predictor variables considered were the presence/absence of ES management, the presence/absence of a conservation buffer strip and the number of standard and veteran trees within the hedgerow. The relationships were analysed using a backward step-by-step G LM, with all main predictors and their offshoot order interactions initially included within the model. The insignificant interactions were then removed. Each trapping session was carried out over 3 days on 4 sites on neighbouring farms, the variation between trapping locations and times was taken into account by including the variable block within the initial model, however, it was be to have no significance and was therefore removed from the final model. There are well documented seasonal variations in small mammal abundance (Alibhai and Gipps 1985 Flowerdew 1985 Butet et al. 2006), therefore, as there were two major trapping seasons (mid-April to may and Mid-June to July) I included the variable season in all models. The number of captures of field voles and common shrew were too low to allow stark(a) analysis however, the number of captures for each species was investigated using a Kruskal-Wallis test (Minitab 15) to determine the relationship between the presence of a buf fer strip and their individual abundance.ResultsThe total number of catches was 276 individual small mammals of four different species, during 240 trap sessions (dusk till dawn and dawn till dusk). The most abundant species were wood mice, making up 45% of the captures, 11% of which were youngs, with a total capture of 122 individuals (61 in the first season of trapping and 61 in the mho season). 32% (89 individuals) of captures were bank voles, none of which were juveniles, with 26 captures in season 1 and 53 captures in season 2. 17% of captures (48 individuals) were common shrews and 6% (17 individuals) were field voles.Table 1. Summary of the number of captures for each speciesTotal wood mice Captured appease 1 (juveniles) / gentle 2 (juveniles) depository financial institution vole Season 1 / Season 2 Field vole Season 1 / Season 2 Common shrew Season 1 / Season 2 Total Season 1 / Season 2 Total N trapped throughout study 122 61 (2) / 61 (11) 89 36 / 53 17 4 / 13 48 28 / 20 276 129 / 147 Percentage of total 44 33 6 17 ampere-second Percentage of hedgerows present 93 46 23 45 core of ES Management and fan stripsA total of 40 hedgerows were surveyed with 20 hedgerows under ES hedgerow management and 20 hedgerows under non-ES management. ES sites had been under ES hedgerow management for 2 years or more. The measured dimensions of the hedgerow were used to estimate the hedgerow cross sectional area. Analysis using a paired measures MANOVA found no significant difference in the size of ES managed hedgerows to the size of non-ES managed hedgerows (F(1,9)=0.847, P=0.381). ES management also had no significant effect on the percentage of flailed hedgerows within the farm (F(1,9)=0.019, P=0.889). The woody species diversity within hedgerows was not significantly different between ES managed hedgerows and non-ES managed hedgerows (F(1,9)=3.047, P=0.115). There was a significant positive stand of the presence of ES hedgerow management with the l evel of woody vegetation cover at ground level (F(1,9)=10.613, P=0.010).Table 2. Comparisons of hedgerow characteristics on ES managed farms versus non-ES managed farms. Data were analysed using a paired MANOVA.Mean (SE) Hedgerow characteristic Description of mensuration ES Non-ES F(1,9) P Area Average cross sectional area/m2 2.99 (0.12) 2.83 (0.14) 0.847 0.381 Flailed Percentage of hedgerows that had been recently flailed (flailed during previous Winter) 26.00 (2.21) 25.00 (6.54) 0.019 0.893 Species diversity Number of woody species 3.16 (0.24) 2.73 (0.27) 3.047 0.115 Small mammal cover Average Area of small Mammal cover (1=little or no vegetation cover at ground level, 2=gappy cover at ground level, 3=constant vegetation cover from hedgerows at ground level) 2.63 (0.87) 2.13 (0.11) 10.613 0.010Small Mammal AssemblagesBackward step by step world(a) linear modelling was used to analyse the data. The results showed that buffer strips have a significant effect on the total number caught within the hedgerow (F(1,35)= 16.29, PA GLM for total biomass showed similar results with Season (F(1,34)=0.83, P=0.369) and the number of standard trees (F(1,34)=1.12, P=0.298) both having no significant effect on the total biomass. ES management had a positive knowledge with total biomass (F(1,34)=4.92, P=0.033), as did the presence of a buffer strip (F(1,34)=27.62, PWood mice were the most common species trapped, contributing 45% of the captures. The factors affecting wood mice captures were analysed using a backward stepwise GLM. Season had no significant effect (F(1,34)=2.36, P=0.134). Unlike the model involving total captures, ES management (F(1,34)=0.07, P=0.798) and Buffer slipperiness (F(1,34)A backward stepwise GLM was constructed for both bank vole captures and the total bank vole mass, both models produced similar results. Season had no effect on bank vole captures (F(1,35)=2.06, P=0.160) and total bank vole mass (F(1,35)=1.66, P=0.206). The presence of ES manag ement on the hedgerow had a significant positive effect on the number of bank vole captures (F(1,35)=7.15, P=0.011) and on the total bank vole mass (F(1,35)=5.91, P=0.020). The presence of a buffer also had a significant effect, increasing the number of bank vole captures (F(1,35)=34.90, PTable 3. Summary statistics from general linear modelsModel Variables F P Adj. R2 Total Captures Season F(1,35)=1.09 0.305 53.79% ES Managed F(1,35)=5.23 0.028a Buffer Strip F(1,35)=16.29 streamer Trees F(1,35)=0.91 0.346 Total Biomassc Season F(1,34)=0.83 0.369 65.32% ES Managed F(1,34)=4.92 0.033a Buffer Strip F(1,34)=27.62 Standard Trees F(1,34)=1.12 0.298 Season*Buffer Strip F(1,34)=3.18 0.083b Wood Mice Captures Season F(1,34)=2.36 0.134 79.72% ES Managed F(1,34)=0.07 0.798 Buffer Strip F(1,34) Standard Trees F(1,34)=79.65 Season*Standard Trees F(1,34)=4.81 0.035a Total Wood Mice Massd Season F(1,35)=1.36 0.252 69.06% ES Managed F(1,35)=0.26 0.616 Buffer Strip F(1,35)=0.05 0.831 S tandard Trees F(1,35)=49.03 0.003a Bank field computer slip Captures Season F(1,35)=2.06 0.160 54.76% ES Managed F(1,35)=7.15 0.011a Buffer Strip F(1,35)=34.90 Standard Trees F(1,35)=4.41 0.043a Total Bank Vole Masse Season F(1,35)=1.66 0.206 50.74% ES Managed F(1,35)=5.91 0.020a Buffer Strip F(1,35)=28.11 Standard Trees F(1,35)=2.32 0.137a of import to the 95% confidence level b Significant to the 90% confidence level c Total Biomass was unbent al-Qaeda transformed before analysis. d Wood Mice Mass was square finalise transformed before analysis. e Bank Vole Mass was square root transformed before analysis.A total of 17 field voles were captured, with all 17 trapped in hedgerows flanked by a conservation buffer strip. A total of 48 Common shrews were trapped, 81% of which were caught in hedgerows not flanked by a buffer stripTable 4. Non-target species captures. heart and soul of buffer strip, analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test.Total Captures Species Buffer Stri p Present No Buffer Strip H P (adjusted for ties) Field vole 17 0 8.30 0.004 Common shrew 9 38 12.73 DiscussionHedgerow characteristics are known to affect small mammal numbers. Hedgerows with many gaps and a lack of ground cover support significantly lower small mammal populations (Gelling et al. 2007). Small mammals will select against hedgerows with a lack of vegetative cover due to the increased risk of predation (Orrock et al. 2004). Our results suggest that ES farms produce denser hedgerows with more cover at the ground level than non-ES farms. This is reflected in the small mammal survey which shows a somewhat strong association between small mammal numbers and ES hedgerows. However, having surveyed the farms and the farmers, I accommodate that a wide number of variables affect the characteristics of the hedgerow. I suggest that the state of the hedgerows for small mammals is more significantly affected by the mindset of the farmer. Those farmers who have moved onto the Ent ry level ES scheme are generally those who most actively manage their farm. One supporting piece of data for this theory, is the number of flailed hedgerows on ES farms compared to non-ES farms. The hedgerow survey found that there were no differences in the number of recently flailed hedgerows within ES farms compared to non-ES farms, therefore, flush though the cutting of hedgerows on ES farms is restricted, it still occurs as a great deal on the ES farms within this survey than on the non-ES farms. The suggestion is that those farmers who are on the ES scheme are more actively involved in managing their farm, including their hedgerows, therefore hedgerows on ES farms comm solo provide denser vegetation, less gaps and more cover at ground level. The typical ES farmer is more actively managing the hedge as a boundary or barrier to cattle than the typical non-ES farmer. The author suggests this finding having discussed hedgerow management with the farmers as part of the hedgerow survey and having a background in agriculture, however, it is also recognised that this topic goes beyond the scope and available data of this investigation.Hedgerows can be thought of as corridors linking woodland habitat, allowing small mammal migration (Soule and Terbough 1999), however, within the British pastoral landscape, hedgerows are often acting as the sole habitat for small mammals (Fitzgibbon 1997). My investigation found that the ratio of juvenile to adult wood mice increased during the season, with greater numbers present afterwards in the summer, this is consistent with the observations of others (Alibhai and Gipps 1991, Flowerdew 1991). The breeding season for most small mammals begins in spring and ends in late summer, therefore it is natural that more juveniles are present in hedgerows as the summer progresses and they motivate outward to establish their own home ranges. The presence of fully grown, breeding adults in both seasons of trapping indicates that anima ls are resident within the hedgerows, providing support for the argument that linear habitats can provide suitable habitat to support viable populations of small mammals.My results show that the total small mammal abundance and therefore the approachability of prey biomass for predators is increased in hedgerows under ES management. The results of the hedgerow survey suggest that there is greater ground level vegetation cover in ES hedgerows. An increase in the amount of physical habitat creates greater foraging opportunities and can increase small mammal abundance (Gelling et al. 2007). Small mammals prefer hedgerows with greater ground level cover as they provide better refuge from predators (Orrock et al. 2004).Whereas the benefits of ES management for small mammal abundance remain unclear, this investigation highlights the importance of buffer strips. The value of unimproved grassy margins, in arable landscapes, for small mammal numbers has already been shown (Shore et al. 2005 ). This study suggests that the presence of a buffer strip along a hedgerow can provide a much improved habitat to support larger small mammal numbers in hedgerows within pastoral landscapes. Grassy margins are a refuge for small mammals beyond the hedgerow they allow increased safety for foraging and greater shelter (Orrock et al. 2004).To understand the variation in the numbers trapped of each species, we need to establish an understanding of the differing ecological requirements for each species. The two most abundant species were the wood mouse and the bank vole. The results show that wood mice are found in greater numbers in hedgerows containing standard/veteran trees. This conclusion is supported by previous studies which have shown that trees within hedgerows are beneficial for wood mice (Montgomerie and Dowie, 1993). Mice often take shelter in burrows formed infra trees/within tree roots which may suggest why this species was found more commonly within hedgerows containing standard/veteran trees (Montgomerie and Dowie, 1993). Wood mice are a generalist species directing a wide variety of habitat (Flowerdew 1993). They general occupy a relatively large home range and travel extensively, consuming a wide range of food sources depending upon season and handiness (Flowerdew 1993). This is reflected in the results, with wood mice having been trapped in 93% of all the hedgerows. The results also show that wood mice abundance is not affected by ES management for hedgerows, nor is it significantly improved by the presence of a buffer strip. Wood mice have been shown to avoid hedgerows with major gaps, and wood mouse captures have been shown to increase with proximity to woodland (Gelling et al. 2007). Wood mice have relatively large home ranges and the suggestion is that individuals rarely stay long within any one hedgerow rather they travel through, utilising hedgerows for foraging and shelter between woodland (Montgomery and Dowie 1993 Gelling et al 2007 Todd et al 2000 Tew et al. 2000). Therefore, ES management and the presence of buffer strips have little effect on the number of wood mouse captures more important is the proximity to woodland or the presence of trees within a hedgerow which provide the preferred shelter for the wood mouse (Todd et al. 2000 Tew et al. 2000).Bank voles are a more specialist species, and generally occupy much smaller home ranges than do wood mice. They are burrowers, using ground vegetation to create runs and pathways in deciduous habitats (Morris 1982 Alibhai and Gipps 1985). Bank voles are a major prey resource for a number of raptors and bank vole abundance has been shown to significantly affect raptor populations (Korpimaki and Norrdahl, 1991). Other studies have found that bank vole numbers are positively associated with the size of hedgerows (Pollard Relton, 1970 Tew, 1994 Bellamy et al., 2000). Grassy margins of 2m plus have been shown to significantly increase bank vole numbers in arable fiel ds (Shore et al. 2005), my results show that this conclusion extends to pastoral landscapes with bank vole numbers being significantly increased by the presence of an unimproved grassy margin or conservation buffer strip. The results also suggest that ES management improves hedgerows for bank voles, with bank vole abundance found to be significantly higher on ES hedgerow sites. Bank voles are found in much greater abundance in areas which provide thick ground vegetation and anguish little disturbance (Tew 1994), my results suggest that this is partially provided by ES management, however, the cosmos of grassy margins along hedgerows could significantly improve bank vole abundance in pastoral landscapes.The creation of margins could also be significant in the conservation of field voles. Field vole numbers in the UK are in decline believed to be due to the loss of rough grass habitat in intensively managed arable regions (Harris et al., 1995 Love et al., 2000). Field voles are speci alists and depend upon rough, ungrazed grassland within woodland and hedgerows. Field voles are generally only found within areas of long grass (Alibhai and Gipps, 1991b). Very few captures of field voles were recorded within this experiment, however all field voles captures occurred within hedgerows flanked by conservation buffer strips. The presence of a buffer strip may provide the field voles

Internet Vs Newspapers Will Newspapers Disappear Media Essay

network Vs t eat uperspapers Will newbornspapers Disappear Media Essay today internet became a very important part of communitys lives. Gathering parole is non the only thing you slew do online, to years network-services include marketing technical devices, c bargainhes and tear down food, earning and controlling the money, communicating with heap in t off ensemble over the world, and many other important things. In modern corporation you can even visit new acquaintances and crystallize friends on the net profit According to Jonathan Dube Dube, J. (2010 July, 28). New report cyberspace is more important than intelligence activitypapers, nonwithstanding motionlessness not trustworthy. Cyberjournalist.net., 82% of American population is using the Internet in their daily life. Some mess even in AUBG argon becoming complete Internet-maniacs they are sitting in front of their computers all day long. much of movies are made on this topic, from Social net income ( the film about the creation of one of the most common online mixer network Facebook.) to, I, Robot (this movie is telling us a yarn about robots which by 2050would own become common human assistants.) . New technologies have a great effect on all spheres of peoples life, and the Internet influences all kinds of media. However, parolepapers are affected more than magazines, books and other printed issues, because the main use of approximates and services of a newspaper is to inform the people about worldwide and local anaesthetic events. If half of century ago newspapers were the only and most convenient microbe of gathering news, with invasion of the Internet it becomes easier to receive tidings online. I mean that if newspapers dont disappear in the future, they pass on probably switch their format and conquer the number of printed copies.The formats of media are changing not for the source prison term. According to George Rodman (2009), initiatory newspapers appe ared about 1200 long time ago. In 1690 the first American newspaper was print in Boston. Later, with the adventure of radio and television, newspapers production gradually started to decline, because it became more effectual and prompt to get breaking news via these new kinds of media. However, TV still didnt have a chance to compete with papers, because papers were providing deeper information. Much large stress newspapers felt during 1990s after the appearance of the Internet.About 67 million Americans now read blogs, and 21 million write blogs, creating an explosion of new writers and new forms of customer feedback that did not exist five years ago (pew, 2008). Social networking sites akin MySpace or Facebook attact over 70 and 30 million visitors a month, respectively, and businesses are starting to use social networking alikels to link up their employees, and man epochrs worldwide, says (Laudon K.C., Laudon J. P. (2010). It seems that recently the whole world is turning online.Nowadays a lot of popular public editions are reducing the number of printed tangible. TheDetroit Free raise upandThe Detroit Newshave cut their home delivery to three days a week and advised readers to find the rest of the news online. (Lieberman, D. 2010, princely 11).According the article Will your newspaper be around in five years by Jeremy Porter (2009, June 22) in that location are 4 main aspects which still keep newspapers alive content, readers, advertisers and format. At the same time the author disproves all these features and argues that newspapers wont be still print in 5 years.First of all, newspapers dont differ a lot one from another. You can find the same information in the Internet, because most of periodicals, including very popular editions, such as The Wall Street Journal, New York Times or Washington Post, are not only printed, hardly also published online. Moreover, you can read the overwhelming majority of information online for free, that makes the Internet even more attractive.A reader is the most important concern for a newspaper. Newspapers exit have no success without readers. However, more and more people agree that It is nice to have (printed editions), but they can live without (them). Lots of people are becoming Internet-users, and most of Internet users read news online. For example, I myself get new information about events that happen in the world and particularly in me home country by see short messages on Twitter. As far as I complete students in our university dont read newspapers at all, despite rare cases, when we need to find a particular piece of information only in a particular newspaper and nowhere else.One can argue that fourth-year generations should be accustomed to the papers and do not want to change anything, but statistics proves the opposite. According to the survey made by Pew Internet and American Life Project the number of Internet users in age group 70-75 increased from 26% to 45% within 4 years. This item sounds st come in, but 4% of Internet users are 73+ years old.Where do newspapers get their receipts? The most logical answer is advertisers. But volition advertisers sponsor printed newspapers if they are not that successful? Nowadays, large newspapers in life-size cities are more in danger than local editions are. It is rather dear(predicate) to put your ad in a newspaper, especially when you have a lot of other opportunities radio, magazines, websites and billboards. Advertisers dont have such a large range of possibilities in a small town, that is why they have to put their publicity to the newspapers in order to reach the audience. This gives local newspapers better chances to survive. (Lieberman, D. 2010, August 11).Newspapers revenue can be made also by online advertisements. It is even more soft for both sides, because it is easier to track, how many clicks were made on this link, than to find out how many people actually read a newspaper and paying any attention to advertisements.The last argument is newspapers are not environmentally friendly. It takes tones of wood material, lots of electricity and many delivery tracks to produce and send the papers. At the same time the Internet is rather ecologically safe, so producing printed periodicals doesnt make any sense from the environmental point of view. Of course, the Internet requires a lot of technical products, such as computers, notebooks, iPads, and others, but producing of these electronic devices will grow despite turning newspapers production online.There is an opinion that good online papers will make you pay for the information, because it takes a lot of efforts and sooner a lot of money to get news, create an article match to them and make this article readable. Moreover, some information is really worth paying. to a fault many generations were paying for news during the papers era, and why do reporters and journalists have to provide the same information for free? However, it might be too late to charge for online content. People have already got used to receiving news for free, and it is rather hard to turn the current situation vice versa. (Porter, J. 2009, June 29).The first reason why some people assume that newspapers will stand by alive for a long time is rather low Internet availability in developing countries, and in some of them the situation is not going to be changed in coming decades. According to Internet habit statistics (Internet World Stats) in Middle East, Africa and Oceania/Australia the availability of the Internet is very low, canvas to Asia, Europe and North America. This is the first reason why some people assume that newspapers will stay alive for a long time. as well in local areas printed issues seem to be more convenient. Lets imagine that there is an online resource Blagoevgradonline.bg, which covers latest news of this town. If this site has a success, audience will ask to make this resource printed, because it will be more comfortable for the overwhelming majority of towns population. Another example is our universitys newspaper DeFacto. It was started in 2003 with the website, but the printed version was neglected only in 2007. This shows that the process is reversible it is not only about turning papers to the web.Phelps Hawkins, Assistant Professor of JMC (Journalism and deal Communications) Department in AUBG, suppose that humankind will need newspapers anyway, because sometimes we are becoming tired of the Internet. For example, when one is going to the restaurant or goes on a plane, places where it is not convenient or even interdict to turn notebooks on, waiters or stewards are suggesting some papers to read in order to become familiar with latest news. This kind of service is not going to be changed a lot, thats why newspapers have to exist at least in small amounts.According to Google executive Santiago de la Mora (2010, January 28), Internet will not displace newspapers just as VHS, and after DVD, didnt kill cinema. In his opinion, newspapers have to provide us something that will make people want to read them and it should be something more than just create the material. De la Mora is sure that Internet companies dont want to steal newspapers revenue, because first of all, it is publishers material that goes online. Using Googles webmaster tools, publishers can embarrass Google from indexing their sites entirely, or they can prevent specific Google services, like Google News, from indexing their content.Yesterday I was talking to my mommy about my research paper, and asked her opinion on the topic. She was hardly urging me that newspapers would not die, because reading a newspaper is sort of ritual, but at the end of our conversation she added However, newspapers are terribly inconvenient. They are big and smell like a paint.Almost nobody now is listening to music on tape recorders, and very small amount of people is watching movies on VHS. The wor ld is changing very fast humankind invents newer and newer devices and technologies. However, some people are still listening to music on vinyl. Maybe someday newspapers will become something that reminds people of the past, and collectors will search for old New York Times editions.

Stages of Enlightenment in Buddhism

Stages of skill in BuddhismMODULE 9 The Planes of Realization ( comprises of understanding) attainment is a thought and a word that is commonly utilise and associated with mediation, the practice of Buddhism and its benefits. Most of the time, it is utilize in connection with the c at oncept of Nirvana. In around Buddhistic texts and literatures, reason can be read to throw off started with the Buddha himself, thus the experimental condition samma-sambodhi is recitationd to apply to the attainment of prudence of bodhis or meditators aiming for it. This is the goal of the paths of conjecture found on most Buddhist customs.In the original context, the word bodhi is a Pali and Sanskrit term that is used to refer to a soulfulness who has figuratively woken up and understood things. It is as well used to point out to a item level of understanding or fellowship that the Buddha has gained when he realised his admit alter. This understanding gave him knowledge on to th e natural causes of things that contri exceptes to how compassionate and separate sensate beings come into their specific exis xce and excessively the workings of the mind that contributes to tutelage human and other sentient beings trapped into concepts such as anguish, transition and cravings. In this sense, the word bodhi can then be connected to gaining a deeper level of understanding on how a person can bring out him or herself from the things that causes him or her to be impris aced on the three concepts menti aned above.Enlightenment in the Buddhist TraditionsThe Buddha Siddharta Gautama, is the counterbalance recorded being to have attain a level of replete enlightenment. This level that he has success amply achieved is write as sammasambuddha in the Pali language (samyaksambuddha in Sanskrit), or what is c for each oneed as the spotless form off Buddhahood.In the Theravada tradition of Buddhisms chronicles or the sutta pitaka, in that respect ar many texts and descriptions about how the Buddha has experienced awakening or enlightenment himself. This can be seen in the s correctsometeeth chapter of the Vanapattha Sutta, the Majjhima. In this specific chapter, it is depict how the Buddha has lived his manner in the jungle and how from there, he was able to attain a distinguish of awakening or enlightenment. This, the texts show, was d matchless after the Buddha has successfully destroyed the disturbances that befallred in his mind, allowing him to achieve concentration of the mind. This has resulted into him attaining the Vidhyas or the the knowledges. This includes the presence of brainstorm into his past lives, attaining insight into the workings of reincarnation and karma and insight to the presence of the Four august Truths.In the texts, the attainment of insight into the Four Noble Truths is what gave enlightenment the other term awakening. This mover that whatever meditator practicing it has already achieved a level of a ttaining a tribute from bondage on a supreme nature. Moreover, awakening is in addition tie in to having r separatelyed the level of Nirvana, where sufferings argon ended and the process of being reborn no longer occurs. In the texts, the Buddha has claimed that the button he got from this is certain because the presence of knowledge happening to him has allowed him to develop insight. This have then given him certain freedom, get him to be free from spiritual rebirths.In teaching method this concept to a meditator, the instructor must stress that the presence of awakening bureau gaining insight into the concepts of rebirth and karma, into the presence of the Four Noble Truths and the elimination of all things which contribute to attaining the state of Nirvana. Only in experiencing this would liberation be certainly experienced by the student.Attaining Awakening or EnlightenmentThe attainment of enlightenment or awakening at its fullest capacity can be achieved by a medita tor by becoming a Buddha and entering into Buddhahood. When faced with this concept, the teacher must first explain to the meditator the various meanings and context of the word Buddha in the Buddhist traditions. Moreover, another(prenominal) term Tathagata should also be explained to the student. This term means the thus-gone and is used as an equivalent to the word Buddha.Reaching full awakening or enlightenment is considered in the Theravada Buddhist tradition to be equated in chip ining the tier of Nirvana. This means that when a meditator starts practicing, the teacher should set his or her path to have the ultimate goal of reaching Nirvana. This is also true in other Buddhist traditions as well. This path involves the meditator abandoning the then fetters of his existence and working toward the ceasing of suffering or dukkha. This full awakening or enlightenment is attained by the meditator in iv stages.Moreover, Budhaghosa, another authority in the Theravada Buddhist tradi tion has described another path to attaining enlightenment. In the Visuddhimagga or the Path to Purification, he has described what he calls the Seven Stages to Purification which is based on the Noble Eightfold Path originally described by the Buddha. The difference, however, lies on the point that Buddhaghosa has emphasized on insight based on the three characteristics of brio which argon dukkha, anatta and anicca. These concepts ar what distinguishes it obscure from the quatern stages of enlightenment where the ten fetters or human existence are abandoned in a sluggish manner.The Four Stages of EnlightenmentIn Buddhism, there are quadruple stages of a progessing nature that is related to the four stages of enlightenment. These stages are important in resulting into the full enlightenment of a meditator as an Arahat. The people who are into either one of the four stages of enlightenment are referred to by the Buddha as the ariya-puggala or the terrific people. Conversely, the people within the community of the bikkhu-sangha are called as the ariya-sangha or the fearful sanghas.The four stages of enlightenment are the Sotappana, Sakadagami, Anagami and the Arahat. These four stages of enlightenment and their teaching to meditators are central elements in the Buddhist schools such as Theravada tradition. This was chronicled in the sutta pitaka, and how each level are attained were described as well. Apart from the four stages mentioned above, the teacher would have to tell his or her students that there are also other types which describes other stages as well. However, the focus of this module is on the four stages of enlightenment so these four would be the ones that are to be described in detail here.As mentioned in the previous sections, the four stages of enlightenment are the end product or result of the seven purifications that a meditator goes done. This was discussed at great lengths in the Visuddhimagga. The teacher can encourage his or he r student meditators to read on excerpts from the Visuddhimagga about the seven purifications, their sequences and how each of these are related to four paths and fruits. Moreover, in the Visuddhimagga, prajna and its importance is also described in detail, as well as gaining insight into anatta and how these are related to liberation and can be attained in the practice of taste meditation or Vipassana.The four stages of attainment or enlightenment are also associated with occurring in pairs of path and fruit. The following are the path and fruit pairs of the four stages of attainmentThe path to stream incoming and the fruition of stream entryThe path to once move and the fruition on once returningThe path to non returning and the fruition of non returningThe path to becoming an arahant and the fruition of becoming an arahantEach of these are described below in their sexual relation to the attaining of enlightenmentThe Sotapanna. This is the first stage of enlightenment and is derived from the Pali language (written as Srotapanna in Sanskrit). This term means or is translated to mean the person or the one who enters the streams (apadyate sota). The stream being described here is the super mundane agency of the Noble Eightfold Path and is regarded as the highest form of Dhamma as well. The person who is this stage is also considered to be one who was able to open the substance of the Dhamma (or dhammacakkhu in Pali and dharmacaksus in Sanskrit). The meditator who enters the stream is tell to be able reach the state of being an arahant in a span or seven rebirths after he or she has attained opening the eye of the Dhamma. another(prenominal) aspect that the teacher needs to stress out in teaching this is that the meditator can attain a grasp of the Buddhist doctrines on an self-generated level or what is known as the right view (samyagdrsti in Sanskrit or sammaditthi in Sanskrit). Moreover, the meditator can also have a be intimate confidence, or Sadha on what is considered the three jewels of practice namely the sangha, dharma and Buddha. This means that when the meditator passes away, he or she will not undergo rebirth in every canvass that is categorically lower than the human plane such as the animal or in hell.The Sakadagami. This is the second stage of enlightenment which is also called the stage of the once returner. The origin of this word is Pali (Sakrdagamin in Sanskrit), which when translates means the once who once comes (sakrt and agacchati, respectively). When explaining what this means, the teacher should tell the student that people who belong in this stage will return once more to the human plane or world one more time in most instances. A person who progresses in this stage after going through the first is said to have abandoned the first three of the ten fetters. Meditators who are in this stage are also seen to display a weaker sense of lust for things, milder feelings of hate, and even weakened delusions. Th is means that anyone who is considered to be a once-returner would be experiencing rebirths fewer than seven times and that these rebirths usually occur in the higher planes although there would occur a rebirth in the human plane at least one more time. Also, their rebirths can occur in multiples in the five pure abodes.The Anagami. The third stage, the Anagami (Pali also Anagamin in Sanskrit), is also known as the stage of the non returner. The word Anagami means one who does not come. These are meditators who have been successful in overcoming sensuality and are deemed not to lower planes such as the human one even after their remnant. These are those who were rewarded with being reborn in the Suddhavasa worlds or beautiful Abodes, which are one of the five special worlds in the Rupadhatu. In these worlds, the meditators are able to attain Nirvana or can even be reborn for another time in a world that is considered to be higher than that of the Pure Abodes. A person who is consi dered to be a non returner is said to have been able to abandon the five lower fetters of the ten that binds valet to the cycle of rebirth on the human plane. When a meditator has reached the level of the Anagami, they are considered to be well-advanced already.The Arahant. The fourth stage of enlightenment, the Arahant, is related to a person who is fully awakened. This stage is where the idiosyncratic is seen to have been able to fully abandon all the ten fetters. When this happens, the person would not be experiencing rebirth on any plane or world even after his or her death (Parinibbana in Pali Parinirvana in Sanskrit) because he or she have escaped samsara wholly. This stage will be attained by a meditator when he or she would follow the path that is given by the Buddha himself. In teaching this, the teacher should tell his or her students that in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism, the word Buddha is reserved for use with Siddharta Gautama Buddha, the first who discovered t he path to enlightenment.The Path and the Fruits of EnlightenmentAttaining each stage of the path to enlightenment has its subsequent fruit, as mentioned in the previous sections of this module. This is necessity to be included in the teaching of the paths to enlightenment since the fruit of each path and their attainments has to be present and seen in the life of the meditator. This ensures that the attainment of knowledge is set on the right paths as well. In the Theravada tradition, there is a belief that gaining understanding is a sudden process, that it does not come stepwise as other disciplines believe it to be. This means that once a meditator enters on a path to enlightenment, its fruits should be realized as well. So when a meditator enters the stages and becomes an Arahat (the liberated one) in the process, it can be said that according to the Vipassana tradition sudden changes should characterize the entire process.The Benefits of EnlightenmentAn endless cycle of samsa ra traps an indifferent person who does not have enlightenment (puthujjana in Pali prthagjanai in Sanskrit). This means that a person is endlessly reborn, live and dies and the cycle is repeated numerous times over. This occurs not only on the human plane but in other various planes as well such as the animal. This can be ended when a person enters the Dhamma and aims for gaining insight and enlightenment. This means that the person would not have to be experiencing this endlessly and be vile for the rest of his or her existence.As the teacher guides the student into this path he or she would have to set it in their minds that the aim of the entire process, apart from gaining insight is to realize attaining Nirvana. In doing this, the meditator would be transformed from someone who is considered to be an uninstructed being who is oblivious to the truths that practicing the Dhamma brings into an arahant (or the liberated one). This stage of liberation enables the individual to have comprehension of the Four Noble Truths fully and to have experience of Nirvana in the present life. Moreover, in attaining this stage, the concepts that were discussed in detail in this module should be reinforced by the teacher with proper actions and delivery from someone who has experienced them in a personal level.ReferencesGomez, Luis O. (1991),Purifying Gold The metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice. In scratch N. Gregory (editor)(1991),sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private LimitedWarder, A.K. (2000),Indian Buddhism, Delhi Motilal Banarsidass PublishersMahasi Sayadaw,The Progress of Insight (Visuddhiana-katha)Bhikkhu Nanamoli Bhikkhu Bodhi (1995),The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha. A New Translation of the Majjhima NikayaPark, Sung-bae (1983),Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment, SUNY PressSnelling, John (1987),The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhis t Teaching and Practice, London Century PaperbacksVersluis, Arthur (2001),The Esoteric Origins of the American Renaissance, Oxford University PressWarder, A.K. (2000),Indian Buddhism, Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers

Assessing Macro And Micro Environment Analysis Commerce Essay

Assessing Macro And Micro Environment Analysis trade EssayD know conductgeturn in national or world economies and ascending of pompousness which is being experienced current period, are the most gross factors that rotter bear upon line of productses. Conversely, what cause an adverse effect for many some other(prenominal) companies, has had a constructive effect for dominoes pizza pie UK, Ireland, the most leading delievery franchise. retentiveness in view the current frugal situation dominos pizza gross revenue had increased up to 11% in the first sextet week of 2008 than that of same period of last year, out-of-pocket to, mostly wad preferred for pitch at home, instead of going for eat outs, Like-for- give care sales rose 14.7% last year, despite a price rise across dominoes calling card last autumn. (The Times, 20th February 2008)According to Cheif Executive, The Chris Moore, The results are induction that our price point is resilient in these economic date s and that we are benefiting from the downturn in the restaurant sector. Instead of eating out troika or four times a week, we are seeing rattling signs that plenty oerhear cut that to once or twice. They are filling up that gap with pizza instead. (The Times, 20 February 2008)His comments came soon after(prenominal) the club de none plans to move up to the main merchandise in order to stimulate period of playds it has been unable to draw out in the nine years it has washed-out on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Dominos shares maintain climbed 14-fold since the company floated in November 1999 and the group now has 501 sites across the UK and Ireland, with plans to open 50 oft this year. Its aim is to have 1,000 by 2017. (The Times, 20th February 2008).Dominos said, sales had been enhanced, due to these new pizzas, worry wise, Meateor and the rugby-themed Scrummy, and by offering new ship canal of ordering, like wise e-commerce salesorders taken electronical ly either online or through textual matter messages, due to which sales have been intensified to 60.5%. According to Dominos prediction, the art gallery for ordering-in viands would continue this year. At present the external environment shift rapidly. The external environment consists of everything outside the note.Even in the present crtical expeditious situation, dominoes continues to succeed which is due to dominoes remorseless(prenominal) emphasis on the cipher of dominos pizzas, penetrating dedication to ser vice and by denotement to dominos customers to whenever and wherever they are giveing to order. It is their frevency that has brought profit suppurateth of 27.8% to 29.9m (2008 23.4m) and that bequeath persists to get-up-and-go dominos pipeline in years to come.PEST ( Political, Economic, companionable and Technological)i. POLITICAL ISSUESPolitical issues include regulatory frame work direct in judicial system which may distress the channel in diverse ways. In UK, at that place isnt as such factors that might compress dominos business. While factors like, laws on business employment, pollution and taxation move over on the establishment which it should follow according to rules.ii. ECONOMIC FACTORSIf the countys economy is advance so the GDP of the coun drive will be good, it is the initiative for business as the per capita income increases deal will spend more than specie. According to dominos survey, it came to know that mostly people spend more and visit more often, during or start in on of months. Moreover, rise in inflation rate, leads to increment of cost of raw material which as well as leads towards high prices for goods and vice versaiii. SOCIAL FACTORSDominos is a multinational and it is basically inaugurated from America, therefore, the organization is snowed beneath by dominos western culture. There are disparate kindly forms of society which consists of, upper class, middle class, middle upper class, and lower class. Moreover, every single nation, state has their own cultural norms, beliefs, religion, values which might affect the organization world wide.iv. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSAt the present time, engineering is improving, so as baking and heating ovens will be of new and efficient technology and will provide efficient utility. Due to these innovative technology there are many latest ways of publicizing like wise, through internet tele securities industrying through which organization erect advertise their products in much more rapidly than ever before. Computer background customer data that is MIS (managing information system) helps in collecting customer data, day-to-day transactions, future forecasting and decision making. New vehicles will trade name their service more efficient.SWOT AnalysisEvery organization has its own strengths and weaknesses as well as threats and opportunities, As far as dominos uprise is concerned its swot analysis is as under.StrengthsCurrently Dominos is the mart leader in providing wide range of pizzas, in a vogue that there are no competitor in this sector. There admireble foresee has dispatch the organization more worthfull. Moreover, Dominos is render pleasing adjudicate, flavour products with qualified staff, splendid ambience and hygienic surroundings. They are specialized in pizzas. Moreover Motivation level of staff is very high which make the organization more prosperous. They are ISO (International Standard Organization) certified. They have equipped with chain reactor of resources for operating incompatible activities of the organization. They are providing free home delivery service. They have created monopoly in this sector. another(prenominal) big Strength and even a belligerent Advantageis the fact that they have a full service restaurant as well as delivery services. Most of dominos competitors do not have restaurants. Because of the restaurant, Dominos freighter market too many diametrical segme nts that other pizza chains cannot. For example, Dominos can market to families much easier than Dominos or Little Caesars.Dominos weaknessesThe fact that Dominos does have a restaurant to run is as well as a weakness. Dominos has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Dominos essential charge. Obviously, Dominos is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices. They are providing less range of products comparatively with high prices. They are more focused on western taste instead of Eastern.Very few outlets have dine-in facilitiesThe fare is limited and pricey, and there are very few budget items on the poster.OpportunitiesNew markets can be explored and new opportunities they can gain. Dominos can come up with the new products considering the Eastern taste of the people as like McDonalds. Diversification of new products can increase their market share. They can reduce their prices because of more dominos.ThreatsDominos number one threats are from their competitors. Currently,their closest competitor is pizza hut who is working to open theirBranch rapidly. Dominos main competitive advantage over pizza hut istheir glare price.Evaluate dominos company strategies with other different companiesDominos has succeeded in expanding over continents and observed spectacular achievements, but in efforts to develop globally it has not been able to manage the domestic market with full talent and as a result, is losing grounds in the domestic market. Dominos has increase the standards of pizza industry to great heights, but in current economic situation, rising commodity prices and decrease in peoples purchasing power, it is struggling to equilibrium between profitability and maintaining its standards. The increasing competition in the fast food industry adds to its array of challenges.A crit ical factor in pizza pie hutchs success has been a menu that has constantly evolved and expanded to cater to the ever-changing needs and specific preferences of customers in different cancels of the world. In having mute the pulse of the customers, Pizza Hut has clearly established itself as a brand with a Britain heart and Dominos need to learn that.BenchmarkingFor many years as a private company, Dominos really benchmarked against itself, without aspect at the outside world. We were proud of the fact that for many years we had exacting same-store sales, which is a big financial indicator of growth and success in the retail world. Well, that was the good news.The bad news was that during those same years our competitors were ripening at a faster rate. Dominos were actually giving up market share. At the same time, dominos were hosting internal celebrations of the fact that against our own internal matrix dominos were doing well. Dominos not only had to find out at what had been our past results and reconcile how dominos were performing against that benchmark, but also dominos needed to facial gesture at the world around us, look at our competitors, and in many instances, I really urgencyed us to look at the very best in class. Who is out there doing the best possible job in this particular area of business? Dominos need to find out what their results are and start to clutch ourselves accountable for that particular level of performance.Dominos accept mediocrity because dominos can choose a lot of people around us who are hardly as mediocre as dominos are. I want to find the very, very best, and I want to benchmark against them, and I want to get as good or better. I calculate if I lead that expectation and I get my team and my organization to embrace it, thats how dominos were going to bring about world-class performers.TakeawaysWhen an organization is successful, people tend to believe that they can stop improving. But things never ride out th e same either you get better, or you get worse.The minute companies kick the bucket complacent and apathetic is the minute they begin to fail. To have a high-performance organization, you must foster a culture of continuous remediatement.Dont accept mediocrity. Instead, look to your competitors, and benchmark yourself against them to achieve world-class performance.Organisation schemeA businesss strategy is the pattern of decisions and actions that are taken by the business to achieve its goals. A business has a variety of goals and objectives. All businesses need to organize their business activities in order to achieve their business objectives. Running a business involves planning the current as well as future activities. Hence, in order to achieve the business objectives, all business organizations adopt different strategies. Similarly, Dominos has adopted many strategies which help achieve the targets set by the main office to the local store opened at Peshawar. Changes are the external as well as internal environment has led Dominos rethink their past strategies and has therefore designed new strategies after noticing the changes in the environment. These environmental changes are seen through the PEST and SWOT analysis. after considering all the factors Dominos has decided upon the strategies and their current strategies are divided into fiver main categories and further have sub-parts. These strategies are -Functional Strategies These are strategies designed to improve the efficiency of a businesss operations. They often focus on an area, such as marketing, human resources etc. All business organizations adopt strategies at utilitarian level as once the functional objectives are achieved, corporate objectives become easy. In order to make the functional strategy efficient, Dominos has made all the functional departments co-operate with each other.Effectiveness of international strategyIt reaches geographically dispersed buyers. Dominos vision is f ocused on Exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the world . Dominos is committed to bringing fun and excitement to the lives of dominos customers by delivering juicy pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less and all its strategies are aimed at fulfilling this commitment towards its large and ever-growing customer base. Its all advertisement are image of sum of money competencies.They also should have a variety of combinations of menu items which a customer can choose so that both the customer and the company can have a win-win situation. The company can have the maximum of the consumer inordinateness at the same time the consumer might feel that this was the best offer. From the menu card one can see the family size variants and the different pizza combinations in the same one pizza are all the different ways of pricing. The company attains the maximum profit in the meat items, so they give the selection of pizzas slices of different variet ies and they are clubbed together to form a single pizza.Once the customer dines / orders home, normally discount coupons are inclined to the customer so that there is an incentive for the customer to order from Dominos . Thus customers are forced to maintain loyalty towards Dominos .Sustaining, mental synthesis relationships and Exploiting Changing ConditionsOver the years dominos has also developed and successfully introduced a range of products especially suited. What has also given dominos a competitive edge is that in addition to an extensive range of internationally renowned pizzas like The Italian, the proprietary Pan Pizza and Stuffed Crust, in the menu offers the option of a complete meal. It includes appetizers, a Salad Bar where the customers can make their own fresh salads, a range of soups, pastas and desserts etc.Dominos should also a community called as VIP- Members joining this club should be at no extra cost one can avail great offers. Meanwhile Dominos are not behind Pizza Hut in introducing local tradition. Dominos believes strongly in the strategy of esteem global and act local. Thus, time and again Dominos Pizza has been innovating with delicious new products such as crusts, toppings suitable to the taste buds of ConsumersFirm market entry strategyDominos Pizza was able to gain ground by positioning Pizza as a snack and livelihood it with its efficient home delivery system.For Dominos direct selling and interactive selling is not needed though they are involved in internet and cable TV promotions. Dominos always search for ways to gain efficiency by replacing one chat with others. The sustainability among communication tools explains why marketing function need to be coordinated.Growth strategiesPizza hut targeted market defines them as a family product. This is because they dont really directly market their customers. They are target everyone whereas their competitors target a certain gender or age. But pizza hut targets a wide ra nge of customers. This is because they want to make the most money and who blames them.They have many competitors and they are rebound to try everything to cope up tops. Their competitors are everywhere. There are just a few that are main competitors and pizza hut will always try to be the best and get the most money by making their products better quality but also cheaper.They try to offer something different with their product. They offer a range of stuffed crusts to try and attract customers. They also do vegetarian options with meet free pizzas and a salad and pasta bar. not a lot of restaurants offer a salad and a pasta bar. This is another competitive idea to attract or customers.Potential development over 10 to 20 yearssenior executives at Dominos are missing a key thought process about change, growth and innovation though. They didnt understand that every product, team, organization and individual goes through a process of birth, growth and decline that is similar to the sh ape of an elongated S. You sky avoid this process.At the beginning of every growth curve, you make investments with fiddling or no reward. Its only through squeezing out operating(a) inefficiencies, gaining and or growing market share that companies recover their initial investments and grow the bottom line and pay dividends to their stakeholders.Dominos rested on the part of the S-Curve where the maximum profit are being realized without understanding that decline, death, and decreased profit arent just probable, but are inevitable. Dominos is trying to offset the curve and are at the beginning of a new S-Curve time will tell as to whether they embrace team development and lead development, which will ultimately determine whether theygrow or die.Appropriate warrant recommendation for improvement, development and international Increase varieties in Pizzas.Focus on location of the outlets.Increase the quality of Pizzas.Make good ambiance in outlets.Should focus more on marketi ng itself confidently.ConclusionDominos Pizza constantly strives to develop products that suit the tastes of its consumers and hence delighting them. Dominos believes strongly in the strategy of Think global and act local. Thus, time and again Dominos Pizza has been innovating with delicious new products such as crusts, toppings and flavours suitable to the taste buds of Consumers. Further, providing value for money at affordable products to the consumers has been Dominos motto. Initiatives such as Fun Meal and Pizza Mania have been extremely usual with consumers.

Effects of Globalisation in Education Essay

twists of Globalisation in culture EssayGlobalisation has brought nigh numerous changes in human lives. Globalisation, which started saturnine in the West, was brought about by many a(prenominal) factors. Some of it is the the emergence of the randomness technology and alike the economic competition amid divergent countries (Jarvis, 2007, p. 44). Here, it is overt that inter internalization was about the economic benefit at first and later had besides impacted many dis comparisonates categories of human lives such as rearing and environment. The impacts and personal effects of b every last(predicate)-shapedization could be seen everywhere, from the food indus decide to the music that whiz listens. Some would argue that globalization benefitted the mass, and therefore it is something good. However, some would refute by saying that globalization has also had some negative impacts. Therefore, I would want to find out and discuss the effects of globalisation spec ific each(prenominal)y in training. This paper would examine closely the effects of globalisation in pedagogy in lines of commodification, internationalization, citizenship and also accessibility of association. This see would argue that although globalisation make fors some positive effects, it also brings some negative effects that sometimes could be considered to outweigh the benefits of it. The arguments allow be put forward by first defining globalisation and then shine uping some of the opposite types of globalisation. This will be followed by discussing the impact of globalisation in genteelness in terms of commodification, internationalisation, citizenship, and accessibility of knowledge. Last but not least, this essay will discuss the implications for teachers in a Malayan secondary enlighten classroom.Definition of GlobalisationThere argon tremendous amount of literature on the definition of globalisation. Globalisation depended to an easy word to define at f irst. However, there are many definitions of it where each and one of these definitions are looked from mixed different perspectives such as affectionate, thrift and political perspectives. From an political drive of view, Beck (2000, p. 11) defines globalisation as a make done with(predicate) which transnational actors corrupt sovereign national states with varying prospect of source, direction, identities, and network. From a communication government agency point of view, globalisation as a pattern refers to both to the compression of the sphere and the intensification of consciousness of the humankind as a whole (Robertson, 1992, p. 8). Similarly, Luke (2005), stated that globalisation is how the terra firma is shrinking in the sense that mint posterior conk to each other instantaneously through the use of technology particularly the profit. On a different plane, Waters (1995, p. 3) looks at globalisation as a fond change where physical boundaries of place on the social and cultural feelings are diminishing and the public are aware that it is diminishing. looking at from a social perspectives or point of view, globalisation is the escalation of global social sexual congresss which connect far localities in such a room that local events are turnd by events occurring in the far remoteness and evil versa. (Held, 1991 cited in Morrow & Torres, 2000, p. 29). Therefore, it bum said that globalisation is the weakening of the physical boundaries meet the nation or states, in which affects aspects of human life such as culture, social line of descentamental interaction, economy, politics and many other aspects. The less visible boundaries stand for that people are more likely to interact with each other. If the interaction is between people or party of same position or status, the interaction could be in a neutral way. However, if the interaction is between people or party of unequal status or power, the more privileged will tend to influence the less privileged it can also happen that the less privileged might want to replicate the more privileged in order to live the same hold back as the opposite party.When looking at the definitions of globalisation, it is of the essence(p) to also highlight the different types of globalisation. Here, cultural, economy and political globalisation will be discussed closely.ethnical globalisation is about the spread of one stronger element of culture, which in many cases, would be the American culture. This is done through the American media which penetrates most move of world. Songs, films, and many more are easily avail fit around the world (Jarvis, 2007). Besides, he also argues that many unsanded cultural institutions make water run short industries where these institutions are trying to sell their culture. However, one would argue that cultural globalisation could also strengthen the culture in particular society if the atom of the society choose to resist the w ave of global influx of different foreign culture. According to Jones (1998, p. 146), cultural globalisation includes deteriorating religious mosaic, a deteriorating cosmopolitanism and diversity, far-flung consumption of simulations and representations, global distribution of images and tuition and universal tourism. Therefore, it can be said that cultural globalisation is the process where the local cultural aspect of a community disappears in verit satisfactory rate and substituted with a global culture.On the other hand, economy globalisation includes several aspects such as transnational companies. Transnational companies are companies that operate at a global aim without needing to follow a certain nations law and regulation (Bottery, 2006). These companies bring profit to the nation through taxation. These companies possess a huge influence as they are not bound to a terra firmas law. Transnational companies have power beyond the nations or the states (Jarvis, 1998). Besi des, economy globalisation also includes the large organisations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) which provides loan and fund to developing countries. However, it is crucial to highlight here that this economy globalisaton is the setting of other types of globalisation (Bottery, 2006). This is because economy is the source of income and the setting of work for people. According to Jones (1998, p. 145), economy globalisation includes freedom of exchange between localities with flows of services and symbolic commodities, residue of production exertion in a locality determined by its physical and geographical advantages, minimal direct foreign investment funds, flexible reactivity of organisations to global markets, decentralised, instantaneous and stateless financial markets and free movement of labour.political globalisation looks at the diminishing power of the state where due to globalisation, the power is local authority might be weakening. According to Jones (1998 p . 146), political globalisation is portrayed through an absence of state sovereignty and multiple centres of power at global, local and intermediate levels, local issues discussed and situated in relation to a global community, powerful international organisations predominant over national organisations, fluid and multi-centric international relations, a weakening of value attached to the nation-state and a strengthening of common and global political values. Thus, the meaning of being a certain country or nations citizen also gets blurred. The notion of citizen is not as a unified and unifying concept as before when there is certain loss of nation-state sovereignty, or the erosion of national autonomy (Burbules and Torres, 2000, p. 14).The Effect of Globalisation in EducationHaving looked at the brief categorization of globalisation in general, this section will focus on the effect of globalisation in commandment. This section will look at commodification, internationalisation, ci tizenship and accessibility of knowledge.Commodification is the term used to describe commodification can be seen in two ways, the displacement of use values by exchange values or in general to describe how consumer culture becomes embedded in daily lives through various(a) ways (Ball, 2004, p.4). This consumer culture that is a global phenomenon today has also affected the education sector. Commodification of education is evident from the primary school to the higher(prenominal) education. Many are affected by, in particular the parents and the students. Due to the competition for the becharm of an excellent school, parents and the learner will be under a crowd of pressure to prepare themselves so they can qualify to this prestigious or high- confederacy t competent-ranked schools. The society without noticing is drawn to this concept of education commodification due to the societal pressure. Similarly, the teachers and ply in these schools are forced to work hard to maintain the schools league table position so they can maintain the financial obtain from the government. The demands of competition, the breeding provided by League Tables, pressures from the state for performance improvement and target-achievement and per-capita funding, in a period of spending constraints, work together to hold local economies of student worth where schools compete to recruit those students, most likely to make to improvements and performance (Ball, 2004, p. 10). Therefore, in this situation the commodification of education does not really face to benefitting the learners, or the even parents. This cycle of incentives for performance is not something good as it contradicts with the value of education.Due to globalisation, the power of sovereign has been trim. Instead, there is a new concept of citizenship emerging (Capella, 2000).Capella argues that in light of globalisation, citizenship has run away from reclusive sphere and is more open. Besides, democracy is al so a sign of the reduced function of citizenship. This has also an effect in education where the introduction of staff and courses on being a global citizen. These courses also echo the concept of democracy..another(prenominal) effect of globalisation is the internationalization of education. Internationalisation is the process of intergrating an international or intercultural dimension into the command, research and exercise function of the institution (Knight, 1994, p. 16 cited in Knight, 1999). Internationalisation is about globalisation. Internationalisation happens usually at higher level education. There are many reasons for the internationalisation of the higher education. One of it is the internationalisation will help foreign policy of a country. through internationalisation, a country will be perceived as welcoming and companionable to the different cultural aspects. In other words, internationalisation will intimate that the country appreciates the various cultures t hat exist are open to accepting them. On an economic point of view, internationalisation will help attract investment from foreign countries to a country. This will boost the countrys economy through the investments (Knight, 1999).By internationalisation, the quality of teaching and learnedness process could be improved. This is because internationalisation encourages acceptation of various culture and integrates this in the teaching and acquirement process. The students will be exposed to various source of knowledge about the world. This knowledge of the world will help the learners to understand and make sense the difference and similarities people around the world have from one culture to another. Besides, internationalisation will also encourage partnership between various universities around the world. This is because through internationalization, one common medium of interaction will be elect between the cooperating universities, which will likely to be English. Having a co mmon voice communication and some similarities will further encourage cooperation work between universities from different countries.Another effect of globalisation in education is that the accessibility of knowledge. Through the net profit, many different kind of knowledge are readily accessible on the internet (Robertson, 1992). This means the acquisition of knowledge by students are much faster since there they have wide range of knowledge operable for them. This would help students and teachers in their learning process. This rapidly growing information on the net could facilitate learning process by providing references and confirming certain concepts that the learners are confused or unable to comprehend. Besides, the teachers and learners can march on a network system through the net where they can verbalize and communicate with teachers and students from any part of the world through the internet. This would help teachers and learners to create a global view of educati on n based on their communication with people from around the world. However, this might also be a problem for the students since with the huge amount of information useable on the net, the dependability of some of the information is sometimes questionable. Therefore, it is important for the learners to be able to get it on between reliable and unreliable information. Besides, it is also important for them to be able to choose and pick which information that is suitable for them.The downside of this body of knowledge available on the internet is that it cannot be accessed by people in certain parts of the world where the communication technology is not at par with the latest communication technology (Burbules, 2000). This in a way widens the cleft between the education progress in a developed country with a well-equipped information technology facilities and the education progress in a developing country with poor information technology facilities. In a less progressed country wh ere it is already a struggle to maintain teaching and learning process, the people will not know what they have preoccupied by the lack of facilities.Another aspect of the manifestation of the accessibility information is the distance learning (Foley, 2003). withdrawnness learning is the teaching and learning process which does not happen in a physical classroom, but rather happens in a virtual classroom. This distance learning was already available before the existence of the internet through the use of post. However, the invention of the internet has taken distance learning into a whole new level. Distance education has enabled more people to gain access to education through the many different types of online courses offered by universities and other online course providers. One of the benefits of this distance learning is that the learning process can be done in learners own time, without any peer pressure form classmates. However, the drawback of distance learning is that the reduced or loss of the human touch in the learning and teaching process. Human touch in the form of communication with one another is important in learning.Implications to Teaching and Learning Process in a Malaysian Secondary Classroom.Having discussed the impact of globalisation in education on a global level, tis section will try to cerebrate back the impact of globalisation in education in a Malaysian context, specifically in a Malaysian secondary classroom. Malaysian secondary classroom consist of students for the age of thirteen to seventeen. These students come from various backgrounds.First and foremost, one of the main implications the effect of globalisation in a Malaysian context is the teachers and students should be aware of the effect of globalisation in education to the Malaysian education system and also to the global education policy and reforms. Here, the teacher training college plays a crucial part in incorporating the effect of globalisation in education to th e teacher trainees. This is so that approaching teachers will be aware of the effects of globalisation and then try to inform the students and then create awareness in the students. Besides, it also a teachers responsibility to make the learners aware of the multi dimension of globalisation that exist beyond Malaysia. This will help the learners to be able develop critical sentiment based on their awareness of the world around them. Furthermore, the appreciation of unequalled multicultural society that exists around the world, not only in Malaysia should be made known to the learners. On a similar note, it is important to assimilate that a teaching method or education policy that is a success in one environment is not necessarily can be taken and put it into another context. This might not work as the context is as important as the policy itself.Another implication that can be drawn from the discussion above is that it is important to realize that the abundance of information an d knowledge available on the internet comes with a price as well. The implication of these to the Malaysian education especially in a secondary classroom is that the learners should be equipped with the unavoidable skill to filter the knowledge and then distinguish between facts and non-facts. In order to do this, the teachers should give some exposure of this kind of activity in the classroom. This will help learners, the secondary school students to be able to pick and choose the fact from the rest. Besides, it is also important to be able to pick the information which is useful for the individual rather than using all the information available.CONCLUDING REMARKSGlobalisation is a powerful process that has influenced many aspects ranging from education to politics and economy. Even in the field of education, globalisation has affected and influenced many parts of education. The internationalisation, the distance learning, the new form of citizenship and commodification are the ex amples of the ageless effect of globalisation in education. On the surface all these seem to be having a positive effect on the education section. However, upon circumstantial scrutiny of these impacts on teachers, educators and learners in particular, it is evident that globalisation can also negatively impact the learners, teachers and educators. The crucial question here is whether these negative effects outweigh the positive or vice versa. Besides, another thought kindle question is whether the advantages of globalisation is worth fighting for. Therefore, a future teacher who would be directly in the education system facing all this kind of situation should be aware of the impact of globalisation in education and are able make conscious decision about it.

Alzheimer’s Disease and the Symptoms Essay -- memory, behavior, health,

In 1906 Aloysius Alzheimer was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist who was credited for identifying the precise first diagnosed case of pre senile dementia later to be know as Alzheimers distemper. One hundred and seven years later we are still not completely sure of the causes of this malady and wherefore only certain people get it. There are or so eight million people in the world with Alzheimers disease and its an advancing and irreversible disease that destroys memory and other important affable functions along with behavior. It can result in impairment of intellectual and well-disposed skills and it can get to the point where it interferes greatly with day to day activities qualification daily tasks extremely difficult or nearly impossible. Alzheimers is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and people with this disease tend to live and aver bestride of about eight years afterward their symptoms become really noticeable to others around them, however, people can last about four to twenty years with this disease depending on their age and health conditions. Symptoms of Alzheimers disease will gradually worsen of a period of months to years and the progression of the disease varies from person to person. Early detective work of the disease plays a key role in the management and rush of the patient with this horrible disease. In the beginning stages forgetfulness and mild disorientation whitethorn be the only things you notice. Over a period of time the disease progressively worsens and you will notice more and more memory loss with both short term and long term memory, confusion of dates and propagation (among other things), and the person having a difficult time organizing their thoughts. MemoryIt is typical to misplac... ...s Regulatory perspectives and requirements. Retrieved celestial latitude 5, Psychiatry, D. o. (n.d.). Result Filters. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retr ieved December 5, 2013, from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/221370452013, from http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/articleResearch and Markets Global Alzheimer Disease Report 2013 (Updated) smart Drugs, Markets and Companies. (n.d.). Research and Markets Global Alzheimer Disease Report 2013 (Updated) New Drugs, Markets and Companies. Retrieved December 5, 2013, from http//www.businesswire.com/ news show/home/20131205005774/en/Research-Markets-Global-Alzheimer-Disease-Report-2013Shiel Jr. MD, FACP, FACR, W. C. (n.d.). Alzheimers Disease Causes, Symptoms, Stages, Signs, Treatment, Dementia, Medications - MedicineNet. MedicineNet. Retrieved December 4, 2013, from http//www.medicinenet.com/alzheimers_disease

Womens Rights :: essays research papers

Wo manpowers RightsFor slicey years, women generate been inefficient to participate and have often been discriminated against in many a nonher(prenominal) situations and circumstances such as non being able to vote, not getting fair to middling pay for equal prune, couldnt own property, and had no educational or career opportunities. Women were on a lower floor the control of a man throughout their entire life. A man virtually owned his wife as he did his material possessions. Their fathers controlled them until they got married, at which point their husbands controlled them. Women basically had no rights at this time in history. For many years, women in the United States felt they deserved the right to vote, but they were more often than not ignored. Voting was considered to be a mans right and was not to be violated. Working conditions for women were very(prenominal) unfair as well. They would work for as long or maybe even longer as men would and get paid less money for it. Another disadvantage is that women were unable to get any educational or career opportunities for themselves. Many of the womens jobs included raising children, prepare food, make clothing, and take care of the things around the house. Their days were really full and often very tiring. The labor work was mainly what the women were in charge of. A womens life was very rough at this time. They fought for equality and didnt receive it until years later. When women started to passage of arms for equality many things began to change. In August of 1920, the Tennessee legislature ratified the nineteenth amendment, and it became a law. Women had the vote Women these days hold jobs that they werent allowed to or didnt have during the Progressive Era. For example, doctors. In 1890, women constituted about 5 per centum of the total doctors in the United States and during the 1980s the proportion was about 17 percent.

Essay --

Christianity is a monotheistic godliness, which means great deal of that faith believe in one God. Christianity is based on the life and teachings of the Naz atomic number 18ne. Most Christians believe that deliveryman is the son of God, and the savior of humanity. Christians refer to Jesus as Christ, which means Messiah. Christianity is the demesnes largest religion consisting of approximately 2.2 billion Christians. on that point are branches of Christianity, the ternion primary divisions are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism. Islam is also a monotheistic religion that believes there is one God. Islam is based on the teachings and normative example of Muhammad, who is considered to be the last prophet of God . People who follow the Islam faith are called Muslims. The Quran is the central text of the Islam faith, and Muslims believe it to be a revelation from God. There are two main denominations of Islam. There is Sunni, which is the largest denomination maki ng up 75-90% of all Muslims and Shia, which is the second largest branch with 10-20%. Main Concepts and BeliefsChristianityChristians have a trustworthy set of views, and these beliefs are essential to their faith. Christians believe in the Ten Commandments, which are a set of biblical principals that relate to ethics and morality. They instruct to worship only God, as well as prohibitions against idolatry, blasphemy, adultery, murder and theft. They believe in Jesus Christ and that he is the son of God and the Messiah. Christians believe that Jesus was anointed by God as the savior of humanity. Christians believe that through their belief in and pass judgmentance of the death and resurrection of Jesus, humans that commit sin back be reconciled to God and then can be offered repurchase and the promise ... ... to follow guidelines of something they might not completely understand. Young good deal are more consumed by technology today than ever before. This gives them plan of attack and answers to any questions they might have about religion, which allows for more doubt to interpenetrate their minds. More and more people are becoming open apt(p) to other peoples lifestyles, but Christianity looks at this as a sin. People who accept others have begun to question why the Church cant do the same, and thus they turn their back on their religion. IslamIslam is a growing religion, still there are still closed minded people in the world, and in Canada. The Quebec government wants to pass a law that states government employees impart not be allowed to wear religious symbols to work. This seems to set Canada back old age as a country that is supposed to accepting of all people and all faiths.

Wounded Knee:The Ties of Religion and Violence Essay -- Indian Religio

wounded Knee The Ties of Religion and Violence On the sunup of celestial latitude 29, 1890, many Sioux Indians (estimated at above two hundred) died at the pass on of the fall in States Army near Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The Indians were followers of the specter Dance religion, devised by Wovoka, a Paiute prophet, as a spiritual outlet for Indian repression by whites. The United States Army set out to intercept this group of Native Americans because they performed the arguable Ghost Dance. Both whites and the Siouxs misunderstanding of an originally peaceful Indian religion culminated in the Battle of Wounded Knee. This essay first shows how the Ghost Dance came about, its later adaptation by the Sioux, and whites fear and misunderstanding of the Dance, indeed it appraises the U.S. militarys conduct during the conflict, and American newspaper coverage of events at Wounded Knee.The Ghost Dance prophet Wovoka was born in 1865 into the Paiute kin of N evada. In his early twenties, Wovoka experienced a significant tuning aspire in his life when he recovered from a coma at the same clip of a solar eclipse (Hittman 17). He had been deathlike ill with a severe fever that sent him into a coma. afterward recovering, Wovoka spoke of being transported to the spirit world and of speaking with the Great Spirit. Wovoka snarl he had been given special powers and sought to help the Indian population. in addition known as Jack Wilson, Wovoka endured to unite the Indian nations with a essence ofpatience, kindness, and love. The Indians desperately needed hope and guidance in a time of great depression and anguish. The Indians had been uprooted from their natural homes by the encroachment of white settlers on their lands. The con... ..., Call No. F96.A3795Last Days of the Sioux Nation, Robert M. Utley, 1961(ch. 11 & 12 contained in WKPub all pg numbers are in reference to that appearance)Some Phases of the novel Indian War. Cited from K erstetter, Spin Doctors at Santee Missionaries and the Dakota-Language Reporting of the Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee. Western Historical Quarterly 1997New York Times, A Fight with the Hostiles. December 30, 1890 p.1 c.4 New York Tribune, Fighting at Pine Ridge. January 1, 1891 p.1 c.3 The agent further states that seance Bull is high priest and leading apostle of this latest Indian absurdity.- R.V. Belt, acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Oct. 24, 1890. If he fights, destroy him.- Fayette W. Roe, 1st Lieut. 3d Infty, A.D.C., in a letter to Maj. Whitside of the 7thCalvary, in reference to the Miniconjous chief Big Foot.