International Business Environment, Italy - 5044 Words

BUSINESS SCHOOL International Business Environment Assignment 1 Student ID: November 2012 CONTENTS Executive Summary 3 Introduction 4 Analysis of industry (sector) 5 Analysis of country (economy) 13 Recommendations 20 List of references 21 Executive Summary This work is a presentation of a short review of the current general economic situation in Europe, which includes a description of current trends, a description of the crisis in the economically strong countries in Europe. Most detailed information is presented on the state of the hotel industry in Europe and Italy in particular. This material†¦show more content†¦For many investors, especially from eastern markets, such uncertainty is actually business as usual. [pic] To stay competitive, international investors have opted to push ahead with business development. Despite the recent and ongoing economic volatility, Europe remains the world’s largest single market, and the magnetic attraction of its 500 million highspending consumers, together with a stable and transparent legal and regulatory environment, remain powerful draws for investors (Ernst Young’s, 2012) Short European hotels market overview There is no doubt that the Eurozone crisis, the malaise in the banking sector and political upheaval in the Arab world pose persistent challenges for the hotel industry. At the same time, leading industry players are adapting and learning to live with uncertainty. Business confidence in the largest European economies is beginning to stabilize, because people think the worst-case scenario in the Eurozone is unlikely. After the improved transaction levels in 2010, the volume of hotel sales in Europe increased further in 2011 by 9 %, to a total investment of about 7.1 billion Euro (HVS, 2012) The Europe hotel industry posted mixed results in year-over-year metrics when reported in U.S. dollars, euros and British pounds for September 2012, according to data compiled by STR Global, the leading provider of market data to the hotel industry. [pic]Show MoreRelated Doing Business in Italy Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages Doing business in Italy is very different than in the United States. â€Å"Set to move onto a slow, but steady, path of economic growth;† Italy, at first glance, seems to be a promising business environment with projected increases in GDP per capita in the coming years, according to Business Monitor International (â€Å"Italy Autos Report† 30). 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Louis Armstrong The Influential Shapers Of Jazz Music

Louis Armstrong is one of the influential shapers of Jazz music. Armstrong had an ability to master both the instrumental and vocal aspects of older Jazz, and hence revolutionized contemporary jazz. Armstrong’s ability changed his position in the band. He quickly became the centerpiece of a performance, while other performers became more of a background due to his incomparable talent in both vocals and the cornet. This helped emphasize his unique style of performance of contemporary jazz. Armstrong’s style was considered groundbreaking and his improvisation enhanced this idea, as it brought it anew facet to the genre. His ability to play became superbly popular, and helped direct people such as Dizzy Gillespie and Duke Ellington to further the bubbliness and enthusiasm that he provided to the audience. His performances were also varied, from playing instruments such as the trumpet and the cornet, to singing and even band leading, all of which were unrivalled by most ot her performers of that and many other eras of music. Being born in New Orleans, which was already a melting pot for several forms of music, Armstrong evolved adeptly through learning the Cornet . Although his childhood was somewhat harsh, He was able to pursue his musical career through the help of his mentor and inspiration, King Oliver. After years of practice, Armstrong quickly climbed the ladder of success with his talent and unique technique during the Swing era of Jazz. He combined Fletcher Henderson’s

Descriptive writing about plane flight free essay sample

After waiting many hours in the airport lobby, the plane finally was ready at gate 42. I took one last look at where I had been sitting for the past two hours. As I walked toward the plane, I thought about all the terrible things and accidents that I had been through at my summer trip. Shake once I boarded the plane and tuck myself comfortably in the seat, the plane took off and started the journey toward the blue sky when I heard a rumble under my feet. I didn’t worry as I thought that it was just the landing gear retracting back in the plane. But after sitting in my seat for another four long hours, I heard another rumble, and this rumble couldn’t be the landing gear. Suddenly the Sun was replaced by dark clouds and rain poured on the windows. â€Å"There is a thunderstorm happening and we’re in the middle of it, so please seat back in your seats and buckle up. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive writing about plane flight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † said the captain. I thought there should be just some turbulence and an intensive atmosphere in the plane. But unexpectedly, the turbulence was so heavy that I was nearly pulled out of my seat. However, after a minute or two, the turbulence ended and the staff on the plane started bringing out food. My meal on the plane was a disaster. I was waiting for the first meal excitedly, though foods served on flights are usually low quality and tastelessness. But still they were the best way for me to escape the boredom. The temperature inside the plane was so low I believe that the airplane was adjusted to transport frozen meat across the pacific ocean, not human passengers. It was in the middle of summer so I didn’t have any warm clothes with me. I had asked the staff for a blanket and she explained that they ran out. Right after he was gone, the staff with a trolley started handing blue plastic tray. Each tray contained a covered plastic plate, a piece of bread, a yogurt cup and a bottle of water. I opened the lid of the plastic plate, enjoying its warmth. Then I took a look inside; it contained white rice and a kind of green mash. At least it didn’t look strange! Trying to figure out what it was, I started to investigate it with my spoon, while keeping my face above it to feel the  warmth. The hash seemed to be made of vegetables and there were small pieces of chicken and potato in it. Finally, I came to this conclusion that bearing with the temperature was easier than eating the food. At last, after seven hours sitting in the stiff chair on the plane, I have finally returned home, now sitting on my comfortable sofa enjoying a great meal with just the right temperature set on the AC and thinking about all the experience that I had been through in my summer trip journey.

Police Brutality Essays (473 words) - , Term Papers

Police Brutality The latest outrage of police brutality occurred on August 9 at the 70th Precinct station house in Brooklyn. At least two uniformed police officers tortured a Haitian immigrant named Abner Louima by driving the wooden handle of a toilet plunger into his rectum and puncturing his small intestine. They then placed the filthy plunger in his mouth. During the attack the cops called Mr. Louima a nigger and threatened to kill him if he reported the incident. Most people are aware of the recent increase in police brutality and murder either from personal experience or from those cases that make the news. These cases are reported by the media as individual incidents and are explained as the actions of a few bad cops. But this generalization fails to notice the nation-wide increase in police brutality and the fact that very few cops are actually prosecuted for their crimes. This increase in police violence is a part of a toughened criminal justice system which includes the war on drugs, the building of new prisons, and the move toward quicker executions We live in a society that is being torn apart by world economics which is causing the United States to dismantle welfare and create a campaign that blames poverty on the poor. They declare a war on immigrants claiming that immigrants steal our jobs. People of color become automatic suspects to be feared by all good Americans. The police are stereotyped as enforcers of this agenda. It is understandable that the pressures on a police officer are very great, but that still does not justify the improper actions and opinions of some officers towards minorities. Police brutality has always been a problem but in the past few years there has been a dramatic rise in police murders and brutalization of citizens. Police brutality is not limited to large cities, it is a national problem. But police brutality is not the result of the actions of a few rogue cops as is commonly portrayed. If police brutality were the result of a few bad cops who were seen as disloyal to their police ethic, the offenders would be prosecuted or at least removed from the police force. So far, of the dozens of documented police murders in New York City since 1977, only one officer has been convicted of homicide. District Attorneys seem to look the other way and seldom prosecute police even if the police department finds them guilty of assault. Most victims of police brutality are poor and people of color. These are the same people who are most affected by the downsizing of the welfare state. The belief that these people who commit crimes are animals and incapable of rehabilitation, and the fact that the district attorneys will not prosecute the police for this basically promotes all of this police brutality.

The Importance of Humanities free essay sample

The Importance of Humanities The study of humanities can best be described as the manner in which people from different parts of the world as well as different segments in time, interpret and document the human experience. Humanity courses can cover anything from philosophy and literature to art and music, basically any aspect that helps paint a vivid picture of a culture. These courses are definitely needed in education to help students understand the world better, give insight on where their ancestors came from and also to assist them in developing their own beliefs as human beings. Knowledge of these documents as a whole grants us a moment to feel a connection between our past, ourselves and our generation. Through humanity courses we learn about the different attitudes of other cultures which can be seen as extremely beneficial in today’s constantly changing society. America has been referred to as a â€Å"giant melting pot,† where cultures all over have been blended and placed all in the same place. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Humanities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So it is very rare that you will go days without hearing another individual speak a different language from your own or see religious practices that seem weird to us. In fact, because our country is so diverse, most jobs will hire you if you can speak another language as opposed to just being able to speak English. The study of humanities allows us to become more knowledgeable about cultures all over the world. There will come a point in our lives’ (if we haven’t experienced it already) that we will have to work with different cultures, whether it’s a co-worker, a client or just one of our peers in school and understanding a culture will definitely make that process much easier to deal with. It is easy for us to find new people and cultures weird if we aren’t aware of the world around us. People, who are more acquainted with other cultures and customs, usually are more well-rounded and fearless in traveling to various places beyond the United States borders, which is important in today’s global economy. Not only does Humanities give us a better understanding of the world around us, but it also provides us information on whom we are as people. It’s kind of like a history course, excluding all the dates and battles, but rather focusing more so on how things come together, sort of like a puzzle. Humanities trace the development of architecture from as early as the middle ages to modern age with skyscrapers made out of steel. This course also provides us with familiarity of different religions, how they started, and where their future might be. It even examines the history of education and how the schools and first universities came to be. Knowing aspects like the ones I stated above can only benefit us by giving us a taste of our past and helping to predict what our future might hold. Lastly, the study of humanities guides us in establishing our own beliefs as people. Like me, most people come to college with pre-existing beliefs, not because they actually believe them, but because they have adopted those beliefs from their family members and peers. Most students practice the same religion and hold the same political views as their care-takers upon arriving to college. Once in college and attending courses such as Humanities, many of those same beliefs you once believed in are now put into question and you’ll begin to wonder if you really even believe those beliefs or if it was just inherited. After taking a Humanities course you will most likely develop your own beliefs and have an understanding as to why you believe what you believe. As a result, it is obvious that it is important to study Humanities. Humanities gives people a sense of where they derived from and a feeling of belonging, no matter what their background may have been. It blends us all together like a bunch of different fruits made into a smoothie and allows us to grow as individuals and improve our society. If humanities were not put into effect, our civilization would be at a standstill. The Importance of Humanities free essay sample The study of humanities can best be described as the manner in which people from different parts of the world as well as different segments in time, interpret and document the human experience. Humanity courses can cover anything from philosophy and literature to art and music, basically any aspect that helps paint a vivid picture of a culture. These courses are definitely needed in education to help students understand the world better, give insight on where their ancestors came from and also to assist them in developing their own beliefs as human beings. Knowledge of these documents as a whole grants us a moment to feel a connection between our past, ourselves and our generation. Through humanity courses we learn about the different attitudes of other cultures which can be seen as extremely beneficial in today’s constantly changing society. America has been referred to as a â€Å"giant melting pot,† where cultures all over have been blended and placed all in the same place. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Humanities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So it is very rare that you will go days without hearing another individual speak a different language from your own or see religious practices that seem weird to us. In fact, because our country is so diverse, most jobs will hire you if you can speak another language as opposed to just being able to speak English. The study of humanities allows us to become more knowledgeable about cultures all over the world. There will come a point in our lives’ (if we haven’t experienced it already) that we will have to work with different cultures, whether it’s a co-worker, a client or just one of our peers in school and understanding a culture will definitely make that process much easier to deal with. It is easy for us to find new people and cultures weird if we aren’t aware of the world around us. People, who are more acquainted with other cultures and customs, usually are more well-rounded and fearless in traveling to various places beyond the United States borders, which is important in today’s global economy. Not only does Humanities give us a better understanding of the world around us, but it also provides us information on whom we are as people. It’s kind of like a history course, excluding all the dates and battles, but rather focusing more so on how things come together, sort of like a puzzle. Humanities trace the development of architecture from as early as the middle ages to modern age with skyscrapers made out of steel. This course also provides us with familiarity of different religions, how they started, and where their future might be. It even examines the history of education and how the schools and first universities came to be. Knowing aspects like the ones I stated above can only benefit us by giving us a taste of our past and helping to predict what our future might hold. Lastly, the study of humanities guides us in establishing our own beliefs as people. Like me, most people come to college with pre-existing beliefs, not because they actually believe them, but because they have adopted those beliefs from their family members and peers. Most students practice the same religion and hold the same political views as their care-takers upon arriving to college. Once in college and attending courses such as Humanities, many of those same beliefs you once believed in are now put into question and you’ll begin to wonder if you really even believe those beliefs or if it was just inherited. After taking a Humanities course you will most likely develop your own beliefs and have an understanding as to why you believe what you believe. As a result, it is obvious that it is important to study Humanities. Humanities gives people a sense of where they derived from and a feeling of belonging, no matter what their background may have been. It blends us all together like a bunch of different fruits made into a smoothie and allows us to grow as individuals and improve our society. If humanities were not put into effect, our civilization would be at a standstill.

Gender and Leisure essays

Gender and Leisure essays GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TERMS OF LEISURE There are many approaches to defining leisure. Many languages, such as German, Spanish, and Japanese, have no equivalent term. Most languages have some concept of free time. In general use, leisure is what we do for fun. A slightly more sophisticated version would be that leisure is activity we do primarily for the experience. It is obvious that as the machines do most of our work, we will have more leisure time. At those times people may prefer to learn new languages, finding out more about their cultures, travelling, experiencing other countries Socializing will remain a popular aspect of leisure in the 21st century. Personal interaction with family members, friends, colleagues and individuals with common interests will take place in a variety of venues and locales. It is important to note that any form of pleasure-seeking has the potential to develop into addictive and self-destructive behavior Socializing will remain a popular aspect of leisure in the 21st century. Personal interaction with family members, friends, colleagues and individuals with common interests will take place in a variety of venues and locales. It is important to note that any form of pleasure-seeking has the potential to develop into addictive and self-destructive behavior Leisure activities vary according to the activity itself, time, place, economic status and cultures of people, and gender. In this paper, I will try to give a point of view about the differences in leisure activities according to gender differences; I will try to explore how and why gender shapes leisure and recreation as well as how and why leisure and recreation may perpetuate or transform beliefs about gender. There are different expectations for women and men, as it does for little girls and boys. Even when the same activities are encouraged, gender differentiates st...

Earth's Dynamic Ocean & Atmosphere Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Earth's Dynamic Ocean & Atmosphere - Essay Example This refers to the deflection of circulating air due to the earth’s rotation (Mathez & Webster, 2004). This deflection causes the air to rotate to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in southern hemisphere. 1. During the development of tides, the moon offers a gravitational pull on the earth which causes the ocean to bulge (Mathez & Webster, 2004). The sun also offers gravitational force that causes tides. Inertia causes a centrifugal force that causes the ocean to bulge; hence the ocean bulges twice. 2. Variations in tidal ranges are caused by the distance and direction of the sun and the moon. Spring tides have the greater rangers which occur when the sun and the moon align themselves in a syzygy position (Mathez & Webster, 2004). One of the methods of preventing loss of property by erosion is preservation and imitation of nature whereby plants by the seashores are preserved to prevent erosion. The roots bind the earth together while the branches prevent erosion by rain. Another method is keeping the slopes gentle. This absorbs wave energy; hence prevents erosion by waves. The three cells involved in atmospheric circulation are: Hadley, Polar and Ferrel. Circulation of the Hadley cell results in two pressure belts: high pressure (subtropical ridge) and low pressure (near equatorial trough). The polar cell causes cold dense air at the pole which leads to high pressure and subsidence (Mathez & Webster, 2004). Lastly, the Ferrel cell causes a westerly flow which causes a strong downward vertical

Quantitative Analysis of Charitable Donations Essay

Quantitative Analysis of Charitable Donations - Essay Example In addition, they provide a platform for supporters to contribute or raise funds in secure and ethical ways. Generally, collection methods are important mechanisms for exchange of information amongst the donors and the fundraising organizations. There are various methods of collection. These methods include street collections, house-to-house or door-to-door and static (mall) collections. Door-to-door and street collections can be categorized as face-to-face collections or fundraising as they involve physical meetings of donors and charity organizations (American Law Institute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, 2011). These are the most popular collection methods because they result to profitable returns; donors are asked to donate regularly. Securing donations enable charities to plan for future campaigns since money is guaranteed. Furthermore, face-to-face collection methods tend to raise awareness of small organizations and improve the status of larger ones (Government of Western Australia, 2012). On the other hand, Static collection is a common practice by charity organizations that uses static boxes to collect funds in malls or business centers. Thus, this paper is meant to discuss various collection methods and apply quantitative analysis to identify the most appropriate method of charitable collection. This method can also be referred to as house-to-house collection method. Fundraisers who apply this method call at homes of donors in order to solicit contributions for different charities. In most cases, it is deemed as a regular way of donating but some donors prefer one-off donation. Fundraisers work as a team or in teams in order to approach donors in various homes. Moreover, some charity organizations or agencies may not be able to schedule appointments for next collections from donors. This makes the donors to oblige to support the charities. Fundraisers who work on

International Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business - Term Paper Example 54). Factor conditions discuss country’s consideration about production factors (e.g. skilled HR required in a certain industrial area) (Johnson, 2003, p. 54). Demand conditions evaluate country’s national market demand for the good/service to be produced. Related and supporting industries discuss the existence of internationally competitive industries in the home market. Firm strategy, structure and competition are issues defining principles of organizations’ creation, development and management in the home market. 3. Three common characteristics of Multi National Enterprise Multinational Enterprise has three general features: a large corporation with central office and many other branches worldwide. MNE make direct investments in local firms and considers peculiarities of product adaptation to the needs to every particular market (Johnson, 2003, p. 14). 4. Five basic steps in the strategic management process Strategic management is based on five basic steps. Fi rst of all, strategy, vision and mission must be developed (Kline, 2005, p. 67). This initial stage is crucial for any company because it sets the main principles of further company’s development. The next step is analysis of internal and external factors. In other words, on this stage company analyzes structural peculiarities of their company and discusses external factors influencing their business. The third step concerns ‘distillation’ of the best choices and possible steps. The fourth step is strategic plan development, which step-by-step describes strategic measures taken by a company. The fifth step is implementation and evaluation of steps considered above. 5. Foreign Direct Investment reasons Foreign direct investment implies company’s physical investment from one country into building a factory/creating some kind of a project etc in another country. Currently, there are several reasons for FDI (Johnson, 2003, p. 71). A desire to be global and to be a successful competitive participant in the international arena, reach potential clients overseas and access a new market are wide spread features of potential FDI. It is also important to note that once export of goods or services produced becomes critically increased then it is more efficient and cost effective to make FDI. 6. As political system change, economic system follows. Statement explanation. A change of political system is a natural process happening in every country. A constantly changing nature of mankind is explained by mankind development and thus countries’ development. When certain political processes take place, then internal income of the country, wealth and occupation of people is gradually changing. Economic development exerts influence on income equality. At this point linearity theory may be applied. In accordance with this theory economic development is a direct way to urbanization leading to communication and higher level of education and finally, to Democracy. Thus we can see a perfect interdependence between political and economic systems. 7. Privatization benefits Privatization is a kind of structural reform occurring in both developed and developing countries. The main goal of privatization is to reach more profound microeconomic efficiency and foster economic growth (Kline, 2005, p. 77). Abundance of inefficient

Mathematics Teaching In Early Years Settings Education Essay

Mathematics Teaching In Early Years Settings Education Essay Learning is a fundamental process, and one believed to be life long. Subsequently, education allows for learning to be progressed through the acquisition of knowledge and development of reasoning and judgment. Providing children with the necessary attributes to both read and communicate fluently, as well as count and calculate confidently are of significant importance, hence, to review progression, the Government insist on the analysis of frameworks. In July 2007, the Secretary of State asked Sir Peter Williams to review the teaching of Mathematics within Early Years and Primary schools. Through extensive research, Williams (2008) made ten final recommendations about how to improve the teaching of mathematics, addressing its distinctive requirements. Williams (2008) expressed that, The high standards achieved in mathematics in recent years can be maintained and improved further only by addressing the unique needs of this subject, a discipline which is not always embraced with enthusiasm and confidence. (ibid 2008 p.1) The recommendations highlighted that the improvement for the quality of mathematical teaching should not solely rely upon teachers and practitioners. Parents and families are of significant importance, particularly where an intervention programme is required. In addition, Head Teachers and members of Senior Management play an active role in ensuring that every child receives the best mathematical education. The accomplishment of this is very much dependent upon children having an unassailable start to their educational journey; hence, Williams (2008) proposed three specific recommendations for early years. Recommendation six highlighted that there should be a continuing increase in the proportion of graduate practitioners in early years settings: The review agrees that the presence of someone with Qualified Teacher Status, with early years specialism, working with children wherever possible is vital. (Williams 2008 p.38) This recommendation could signify considerable changes for early years education, encouragingly echoing a key aim outlined within The Childrens Plan; Building brighter futures (2007), that there shall be a graduate early years professional in every full day care setting in England by 2015. Furthermore, practitioners would require a firm understanding of mathematical pedagogy, expressing distinctive features that would support high quality learning. Children require an array of opportunities to learn in an environment that is stimulatingly rich and appropriate to their development, achieved through positive enthusiasm and direct teaching of mathematical skills and knowledge. There is significant value for the understanding of how the range of childrens educational experiences, during their first five years, can have profound implications on their mathematical learning. Consequently, Williams (2008) expressed there was a broad consensus on the importance for the need of uniformly good early years environments providing quality teaching. Central to that are the teachers and practitioners creating enabling environments and positive relationships, adopting effective pedagogy throughout all aspects of learning. Williams (2008) explored how childrens experiences with mathematics should be built upon play and spontaneous learning, fostering their natural interest in numeracy and problem solving. Achieving this requires the understandin g of how the use of childrens own graphical explorations, though mark making, is highly significant and of great value to practitioners. Williams (2008) however discovered that support for mathematical mark making was very rare, needing specific focus, as allowing children to develop their ability to extend and organise their thinking was defined as highly important. Williams (2008) commissioned recommendation four to highlight the significance of early years practitioners having specific mathematical mark making materials to support their professional development. Previous research into childrens mathematical graphics lays further emphasis on the value of these materials as Worthington (2008) expressed: The emphasis with childrens mathematical graphics is very much on children making sense of the written language of mathematics and effective pedagogy to support their thinking. (Ibid 2008) Worthington (2008) highlighted the importance of understanding how mathematical mark making could have dramatic effects on childrens learning, as allowing children to adopt their own form of mark making to symbols, will in future years, encourage them to combine their representations with that of standard mathematical symbols. As children progress through the primary curriculum, it is clear how there is a logical pattern to teaching and learning. Williams (2008) stressed the significance of children receiving excellent teaching and a high quality curriculum: each relying on the other for successful learning. Furthermore, within the mathematic curriculum, Williams (2008) believed there to be a well-structured programme that took into account how to develop most childrens learning. From this, Williams (2008) proposed, under recommendation nine, that the primary national curriculum for Mathematics should continue as currently prescribed, subject to any changes proposed by Sir Jim Rose. On the other hand, however, Williams (2008) identified how the transition from Early Years to Key Stage one can lead to discontinuity in learning through attempts to match early learning goals to the National Curriculum. A preceding review to Williams (2008) report expressed the importance of smooth transitions, conveying furth er certainty of its significance. The Childrens Plan: Building brighter futures (2007) expressed, Smoothing these transitions will benefit all children and allow each child to progress at a speed that best suits their needs while they are adjusting to their new environments. (ibid 2007 p.63) The effects of this transition on childrens mathematical learning may generate significant problems, leading to a loss in interest, omitting the opportunity to develop good attitudes towards the subject. Ensuring that a positive approach towards mathematics is a predominant feature, Williams (2008) outlined his key recommendation; a mathematical specialist in ever school. Engaging with a deep mathematical knowledge, the specialist would be central to effective teaching and learning, aiding quality instruction and intervention. The specialist would encompass attributes and characteristics that could advance mathematical learning, developing enthusiasm across the school. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) would incorporate a specifically designed programme, facilitating critical reflection on how to implement learning practices, and how to interrelate all strands of the mathematical curriculum. Williams (2008) also expressed how such programmes of studies could build upon complimentary Government aspirations, leading to the introduction of teaching becoming a Masters level profession. Through greater access to valuable recent research into mathematics, the specialist would offe r head teachers an array of opportunities to circulate effective practices and models of learning. Consequently, the mathematical specialist would become an invaluable constituent to primary schools; however, Williams (2008) needed to address the necessary training and professional development concerns. Williams (2008) proposed that mathematical specialists would receive an additional five days for Continuing Professional Development; however, the logistics could raise considerable barriers, and therefore still require further analysis. Effective learning through curriculum and pedagogy are central to both classroom practice and teachers knowledge and beliefs. Predominantly, pedagogy should be learner centred; embracing models of learning that encompass a collection of technique and effective assessment. Implementing this is very much dependent upon the teacher and through Williams (2008) recommendation, in future years includes the mathematical specialist. Assessment for Learning (AFL) is a tool used within schools to establish the progress of all children, aiming to improve individual attainment levels. Allowing children time to question, as well as answer and try out their own strategies, ensure that assessment becomes a collaborative procedure, offering teachers an array of opportunities to develop childrens learning. From reviewing evidence of mathematical achievement, Williams (2008) concluded that it appeared there was no single cause for under attainment, consequently leading to no single answer. One solutio n adopted by the Government is intervention programmes, aimed at children who are failing to achieve the basics. Intervention occurs across the curriculum, through, as the National Strategy describes, the three waves model. Wave one outlines the necessity for quality, inclusive teaching, targeted at all pupils needs. Wave two furthers this with group intervention, designed to accelerate the learning for particular groups of children expected to draw level with their peers. The individualised programme of intervention occurs during wave three, when teaching becomes specifically targeted and personalised. According to Williams (2008), the importance of intervention to the subject of mathematics, is paramount. There is a growing body of international evidence showing that a carefully considered response to these problems of under attainment in mathematics can restore young learners to a successful pathway for future study in the subject. (Williams 2008 p.45) Throughout his review, Williams (2008) put forward a strong recommendation for early intervention and under recommendation eight, outlined that children with serious difficulties should receive daily intensive one to one teaching from a qualified teacher. Previous research into early intervention can lay further significance on Williams (2008) recommendation. Dowker (2004) set out general principles outlining that intervention should ideally take place during the early stages of a childs education, aiming to reduce the risk of negative attitudes. Subsequently, Williams (2008) review sincerely welcomed the new initiative Every Child Counts (2008), a coalition partnership, between the Government and the charity Every Child a Chance, aiming to engage in the search for solutions for mathematical under attainment. The Every Child Counts (2008) programme is aimed at the lowest attaining Year two children, imposed at this stage, as it is believed to have maximum impact at a timely and prac tical period of a childs learning. In January 2009, Ofsted released the publication, An evaluation of National Strategy intervention programmes, incorporating a small-scale survey concluding on the impact of intervention. Ofsted explained that: Intervention is most successful when confident leaders and well organised teachers select from the National Strategy programmes and develop a curriculum that meets the needs of pupils and the circumstances of the school. (Ofsted 2009 p.18) Building upon this, Williams (2008) outlined that intervention should be led by a qualified teacher, generally involving one child, and incorporate the appropriate use of multi sensory resources and diagnostic assessment. Achieving this lays further emphasis on the importance of having well-trained teachers, with support from mathematics specialists. Leading an intervention programme would require significant support from head teachers and senior management, but additional to this the child must be committed, supported comprehensively by parents. Although this encouragement and assistance should occur for all children during their educational journey, it has been made evident how parents can further aid a child with mathematical difficulties. Williams (2008) identified that parents often miss the opportunity to help their child, as they are not aware of current mathematical teaching methods. Addressing this, teachers and practitioners should encourage parents, bringing them up to date on how they can support. Furthermore, Williams (2008) expressed the imperative need for teachers to recognise the wealth of mathematical knowledge a child learns outside of school, therefore, aim to encourage parents to use this out of school knowledge to participate in mathematical activities together. Williams (2008) review of mathematics could implicate significant changes within the structure of primary education and training of new and established teachers. Having an extensive knowledge of how effective interaction and instructive teaching can extend childrens thinking, with particular attention to their use of accurate mathematical language, lays further importance of having highly qualified and skilled teachers. Furthermore, Continuing Professional Development, with predominant reference to mathematics, is essential; with Head Teachers ensuring teachers have many opportunities to progress. With regard to intervention programmes, it is clear how essential training may need implementing, with specific focus on Initial Teacher Training and Continuing Professional Development programmes. As intervention is more widely adopted across primary education, it may become apparent for the review of Initial Teacher Training courses, ensuring that all trainees experience an intervention p rogramme. With regard to my personal teacher training, the Williams (2008) review made it evident how securing curriculum knowledge and effective pedagogy is paramount in aiding children to achieve their potential. Building upon the standards outlined by the Training and Development Agency (2009) it is apparent how knowing and understanding relevant national strategy frameworks can aid with the execution of inclusive teaching, overcoming barriers to learning and assessment. Furthermore, with the proposed national roll out of the Every Child Counts (2008) scheme in 2010 2011, the Williams (2008) report would become of significant value to my teacher training and future career, providing substantial information about the importance of effective mathematical teaching, encompassed with a positive and enthusiastic approach.

In a book written by Goldscheider Essay

Studying the Jewish Future, the author revealed the reasons for the unexpected results, that instead of a vanishing race, the reality is that of a thriving community. And the explanation can be broken down into the following: 1. Conversion – It is surprising to find out that a considerable number of non-Jewish spouse opted to be converted to Judaism. It must be noted though that the said conversion may be formal or informal but true conversion is rather marked by a following community norms and values. 2. Acceptance – the Jewish community is now more open to the idea of intermarriage and this has resulted in a more openness which predictably made it easier for non-Jewish spouse to get exposed to Jewish ways. 3. Deliberate Outreach – the Jewish community and its institutions are forced to reach out to intermarried couples and by doing so encouraged non-Jews to be respect their beliefs and for some a desire to be counted as Jews. Ambivalence There is a dramatic change in perception and outlook that resulted in an improvement in how the Jewish community in general is treating intermarried couples. Still, the Jewish faith would never have reached its current position, a survivor of the Holocaust and many other forms of persecution without creating a defense mechanism that ensured the survival not only of its lineage but also of its beliefs and customs. It is this defense mechanism that made it hard for other to jump on the â€Å"accept the intermarried couples bandwagon† and prevented some to see the possibilities not only in finding a novel way of thriving in a modern society like America but also a novel way of finding new converts. In one extreme, intermarriage is one valid form of proselytizing whose impact is not yet fully measured. But as mentioned earlier, not everyone is convinced that the time has come for the Jews to fully open its house to the Gentiles. Bayme and Rosen provided an example of this ambivalence when they cited the popular Mordecai Kaplan who at one point encouraged intermarriages: Jews must meet all situations that might lead to mixed marriages, not fearfully or grudgingly, but in the spirit of encountering an expected development †¦ With a belief in the integrity and values of his own civilization, the Jewish partner to the marriage cold †¦ make Judaism the civilization of the home†¦ And yet two years later the same person said: Since Jews are a minority and Judaism is exposed to tremendous disintegrative forces from non-Jewish environment †¦ it cannot approve of uncontrolled intermarriage with non-Jews. If however, a non-Jew who desire to marry a Jew, after studying what is involved in being a Jew and what are the principles and practices of Judaism, he should be given every encouragement and should be welcomed into the Jewish community (Kaplan, as qtd. in Bayme & Rosen, 1994, p. 268). Conclusion After thousands of years since God has declared them the â€Å"chosen people† the Jews continue to struggle and to find their place in the world. Every generation is pressured to find ways to pass on what they have received from their ancestors to the next generation of Jews. Each time the baton is passed the more it becomes more difficult to continually display integrity, commitment, and consistency. Just like other ancient religions, Judaism is finding it extremely difficult to solve the dilemma of identity and relevance. The present generation can enforce and strengthen their spiritual identity and dig deep into their past to find that old familiar path that will lead them to their ancestors Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Moses. But every time they struggle to keep their ancient traditions and beliefs together they risk losing their relevance to a fast evolving world. This is especially true in America; the world’s most advanced and most powerful nation. As a result the new generation of Jews are abandoning ancient traditions and exchanging it with new ideas. But this is just a part of a bigger problem. What they are most concern about is the marriage of Jews to non-Jews or interfaith marriages. As mentioned in the introduction part of this paper, the Jews can directly trace their lineage to an ancient people, the Israelites, children of Jacob. A long time ago, they co-existed with ancient people groups but they are the only fortunate ones to have survived the passage of time. It can even be argued that they are the only surviving, direct descendants of ancient tribes. This made them a special group. A fact that is not lost in the collective psyche of the Jewish people. This ability to survive against all odds does not come without a price. They have developed a sort of defense mechanisms against the â€Å"melting pot† effect of the world. The world is like one giant sponge of conformity, sucking them in to make them conform to popular trends and standards. The Jewish people, for thousands of years were able to resist that pull. They have their strict diet, their festivals, their rituals, and their traditions that must be strictly followed wherever they are. Whether they are in the midst of prison, or in a land filled with racism they have to remember who they are and by doing all these things they have fought back extinction and remained a distinct people group. The Jewish race also has one major secret weapon and it is the implied rule that they should not marry non-Jews. At first glance it is easy to believe that they perpetuate this rule for the sake of practicality. It would be impossible for an outsider to keep up with their way of life unless one has learned of these things since early childhood. But a close look into this code of conduct reveals a religion that is so exacting that it sees intermarriage as a threat to the continuity of this particular group. For thousands of years they had succeeded in maintaining the status quo. Wherever they went they formed a close knit community of fellow believers that find support and strength from one another. The long history of persecution and anti-Semitism forced them to band close together as one family. It is understandable why for a long time outsiders are reluctant to penetrate their strong defenses so that they can get an idea as to what Judaism is all about. Moreover, anti-Semitism is a serious problem that strongly discourages a potential suitor from risking his life for someone that is as enigmatic as a Jewish girl. Everything went fine until after World War II. It seems that the Holocaust has placed the Jews in the limelight and not to discount also the successes of the Holocaust survivors in the field of finance and business that may well have contributed to their fame in the international stage. Another factor is the settling of Jews in America, first coming in droves as refugees and then finally establishing a place they can call home. In the New World the Jewish community was able to thrive in an environment where anti-Semitism is denounced as something belonging to a bygone era. Then an unexpected thing happened. The lessening of anti-Semitism no doubt changed the way Americans see the Jews. In short Jewish men and women became desirable in the eyes of modern day Gentiles. And since they are in the land of the free, the new generation of Jews can find nothing wrong in interfaith marriages. But for the elders, especially communal leaders have a different perspective. They are perhaps remnants of that era where Jews are considered as the persecuted one in Europe and in many parts of the world. It may have been a difficult notion to entertain for these old folks – that a Jew can finally live with a non-Jew and yet retain its identity and continue practicing their faith. They cannot see the gray area, only the black and white shades that says either one is fully committed Jew, focused on his religious duties or none at all. Moreover, the increasing rate of intermarriages was seen as a black-eye for the Jewish community. They interpret it as a growing weakness in the institution that teaches Jewish beliefs and traditions. It was also interpreted as rebellion towards parents and to their way of life. In modern times, there are researchers like Goldscheider who contends that the elders made a fundamental error in judgment. He argues that the reason for the negative assessment of intermarriage is a wrong perspective. He hastens to say that if the elders and the whole Jewish community can see what intermarriage is doing to the community in general then they will be more open to the idea of intermarriage. Firs of all, intermarriages are means for increasing the number of Jews in America. This is because studies have found a significant percentage of non-Jews willing to learn more about the Judaism, willing to let their children grow up as followers of Judaism and in many instances non-Jews are getting converted formally or informally. Goldscheider warns though that in order for this new trend to be a source of joy for communal leaders and elders they need to have a paradigm shift. They no longer have to limit their idea â€Å"Jewishness† on the basis of birth but they must be willing to accept that a true Jew is not someone with a direct lineage to the ancient people found in the Jewish Bible, but they are people who are in love with Jewish customs and tradition and that they are eager to lead their children in following their lifestyle. For Goldscheider this is what 21st century needs and for him this is what intermarriage brings to the Jewish experience. Works Cited Bayme, Steven. Jewish Arguments and Counterarguments. New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 2002. Bayme, Steven & Gladys Rosen. The Jewish Family and Jewish Contiunity. New Jersey: KTAV Publishing, 1994. Goldscheider, Calvin. Are American Jews Vanishing Again? Ed. Put Name of Editor of the book article was taken from. Place of Publication: Publisher, year of publication. _____________________. Studying the Jewish Future. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2004. Jewish Bible. Retrieved 13 November 2007 from http://www. breslov. com/bible/Joshua3. htm#3 Shapiro, Edward. A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II. MA: The John Hopkins Press, 1992. Sklare, Marshall. Understanding American Jewry. New Jersey: Transaction Books, 1982.

Farewell Speech for a Tenth Standard Student

Esteemed Director Sir, Principal, Teacher’s &; my junior Colleagues. Good Morning to all of you. Now it’s time for the moment in all our lives, the moment when we leave our childhood behind and step into the world to forge our own paths in life. Obviously School days are the most memorable days to everyone. I want to share my feelings and attachment with this school with all of you. Firstly, I am thankful to my parents to join me in such a wonderful School where I got the best mentors and amazing group of friends. With the collective effort of all the staff we are all shaping our future and getting ready to play our role in the society.Your kindness and caring for students is the reason that today I am willing to take any risk with smile and courage in my future journey of life. I especially want to thank all of you for the tender care and affection shown towards us. In last .. (time you spent in the school).. Years my teachers taught me several things. Thank you teache rs, for all that you have taught me – lessons that extended well beyond the four walls of a classroom, for providing me with myriad opportunities for all round development and values in life.Mere saying thanks to the teachers is not enough to express my gratitude. I promise that I will strive to be a successful citizen, so that all my teachers can proudly say that I am the product of the .. (school’s name).. team. Thank you, friends – for all the fun, the hilarious laughter and unforgettable moments shared with me. I wish my friends happy adventures, fantastic new friendships, amazing experiences in the future journey of a lifetime. All my teachers took me under their wings and I was always taken care of. Farewell to Manzanar, written by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, Japanese American, and James D. HoustonThis is the tough day for me to say my final goodbyes to all of you. Although we may be separated by time and distance nothing will diminish the important role of every one played in my life spent here. In future, a short walk down in to memory lane of my school days will definitely strengthen me to face any situation. All teachers &; friends kindly pardon me if anybody got hurt with my behavior during my tenure in the school. And continue to pour love and blessings towards me. Thank you and goodbye.

Dan Marino Essays - Dan Marino, Pro Football Hall Of Fame Inductees

Dan Marino Essays - Dan Marino, Pro Football Hall Of Fame Inductees Dan Marino Dan Marino of the Miami Dolphins has had a very successful career on and off of the foot ball field. Dan Marino has led a very interesting life throughout his existence on this planet. Whether it is playing football to appearing in commercials or movies to leading a normal everyday life with his family. Dan Marino has grown to being a role model foe millions and millions of children and adults to look up to. Dan Marino has had a very successful career that has had its ups and downs, but he still manages to be a good all around guy and more importantly a good sport. Dan Marino was born in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, and he lived with his parents and two younger sisters. Dan came from the same area as Joe Montana, Jim Kelly, and Joe Namath. As a child Dan and his friends were always playing either football or baseball. In both of the two sports, Dan's father had coached. He was the one who had taught Dan how to hold the ball next to his ear and throw without winding up. Dan's father played a huge role in his life, he taught Dan to try hard and have fun while playing whatever sport he chose. In elementary school Dan thought too much about becoming a professional athlete and not enough about his schoolwork. As a child Dan wanted to go to Central Catholic High School because it had great sports teams. But because eof Dan's poor performance in the classroom, he had been warned by a teacher that if he continued to produce bad grades that he would not be able to get into Central Catholic High School. So Dan's father sat him down and had a talk with him about the fact that if he didn?t start doing well in school that he would have no choice but to take him off of all athletic activities. This little talk that Dan and his father had was more importantly a wake up call that had inspired to do better in school and stay on his sporting teams. When it became time for Dan to take the test to determine if he would get into Central Catholic High School, he was completely ready and passed the test barely but he still managed to get in which was a big accomplishment. While Dan was atten ding Central Catholic High School he managed to become outstanding scholastic athlete in the city as a junior, and was All-American at the quarterbacking position. In High School Dan was excelling in athletics. While playing baseball Dan batted well over .400 . After graduating high school, Dan was drafted in the seventh round by the Kansas City Royals but Dan did not have his eyes set on turning pro yet, well at least not as a baseball player. Dan wanted to attend college and try to fulfill his career as a football player at the University of Pittsburgh. Dan had several colleges such as Michigan State, Clemson, UCLA, and ArizoDan Marino of the Miami Dolphins has had a very successful career on and off of the foot ball field. Dan Marino has led a very interesting life throughout his existence on this planet. Whether it is playing football to appearing in commercials or movies to leading a normal everyday life with his family. Dan Marino has grown to being a role model foe millions and millions of children and adults to look up to. Dan Marino has had a very successful career that has had its ups and downs, but he still manages to be a good all a round guy and more importantly a good sport. Dan Marino was born in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, and he lived with his parents and two younger sisters. Dan came from the same area as Joe Montana, Jim Kelly, and Joe Namath. As a child Dan and his friends were always playing either football or baseball. In both of the two sports, Dan's father had coached. He was the one who had taught Dan how to hold the ball next to his ear and throw without winding up. Dan's father played a huge role in his life, he taught Dan to try hard

Nature, Character, Contrast and Comparison Essays

Nature, Character, Contrast and Comparison Essays Nature, Character, Contrast and Comparison Essay Nature, Character, Contrast and Comparison Essay The nature, character, contrast and comparison between the colonies in Jamestown in Virginia, the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth in Massachusetts, and the establishment of Maryland were all short on supplies and each were mainly focused on surviving in the New World. All the colonies had their own separate goals and desires, but all were very different in the ways in which they set out to establish the needs and laws for their region. The one major factor in the organizing of Virginia is when they lost Captain John Smith and went through the period called the â€Å"Starving Time†, which was a horrible time for all. The colonies were all trying to get settled and organized as much as possible with their own challenges and circumstances in which they faced. Virginia settlers were struck with sickness and disease which encountered most of the people in Virginia. There were no laws and people in this region were struggling very badly, they started setting out to define new laws. They became very religion over time and established laws around their Christian faith and ideas. Massachusetts settlers like the Puritans’ led by John Winthrop were very organized and they had a great leader around them. They did not face the same issues that the other colonies had to face because they were very prepared and organized. The Province of Maryland focused on trade and commodities that could be obtained. They looked to trade those commodities to the English and other geographical locations to make a profit. The basic nature and character of the colonies was to establish common grounds and rules for each region as well as gather commodities for their livelihoods to increase trading opportunities. Massachusetts and Virginia were a like and wanted to have a God loving community and share the gospel. The colony of Maryland was set out from the get go to gain trade commodities. (word count: 315)

The Value and Contribution of the role of Selling, to the Strategic Essay

The Value and Contribution of the role of Selling, to the Strategic Development of a Company - Essay Example Introduction Zara is a flagship chain store owned of Inditex Group that owns other brands such as Pull and Bear, Bershka and Stradivarius. The first Zara store was opened in 1975 and featured low priced high end products that were mainly sold to women, children and men (Zara 2012). Zara business model aims at contributing to sustainable development of the society. Zara stores aim at saving energy, ensuring less waste and creating an environmentally aware team. Zara products are made with organic cotton, ecological fabrics and PVC-free footwear (Zara 2012). The empowered retail managers ensure customers are kept informed of the new offerings through word-of-mouth since the stores are regularly replenished with new and innovative products. Almost all Zara stores are company owned, and the rest are franchises thus customers entering the stores in any city experience a standardised shopping environment that involves modern, spacious and well-lit stores that are walled with mirrors. Unlik e other clothing stores that spend much of the profits on advertising, Zara spends less than five percent of the sales revenues on advertising (Proctor 2000). Zara’s marketing and selling strategies focuses on product variety, the location of the store and speed of market penetration. Zara replenishes its stores with new items more frequently than any other clothing chain store in the world. Zara has implemented loyalty programs to create a link with the customers and ensure good working relationships with past customers (Ferrell and Hartline 2011). Zara relies on location of the store rather mass marketing in attracting customers and always produces few and scarce fashionable clothes that will have a short lead time in the stores (Proctor 2000). Some factors that have contributed to the success of Zara’s selling strategy include extensive market research that ensures products meet the clients’ needs and relationship selling (Proctor 2000). Zara also offers favo rable prices and after sale services that ensure customer complaints are fully addressed. Additionally, the selling strategy ensures that the stores exemplify a high class and cool shopping atmosphere that is associated with Zara’s products (Kumar 2010). Zara marketing strategy is aimed at increasing the level of concentration and internalization of the brands (Proctor 2000). Some selling trends that Zara has utilized include tele-shopping and e-marketing. The main target market for the products includes the individuals aged between 18 to 40 years and those working in the large cities such as Madrid and London. The consumers sought benefits include the interest to appear trendy and enjoy shopping in a stylish environment (Zara 2012). According to PESTLE analysis, Zara should be conversant with the trading policies while importing the products to the numerous countries. However, numerous changes in taxation policies, exchange rates and recent economic slowdown have impacted ne gatively on the sales of the company. The social environment is positive for Zara since the global population has increased thus creating additional market that is fashion aware and educated. The technological environment has allowed Zara to utilize online shopping carts, bar coding and technology aided designs thus leading to more customer satisfaction and convenience. Zara has also responded well to the ecological environme

Good and Evil - An analysis of the characters in Schiller's 'Die Essay

Good and Evil - An analysis of the characters in Schiller's 'Die Ruber' and Lessing's 'Emilia Galotti - Essay Example The subject of good and evil has been covered extensively by the world of theatre and literature where several eminent and noble minds have contributed immensely to the discussion and review of the issue. Several notable productions such as ‘Jackyll and Hyde’ and the Apollo Victoria Theatre in Australia have made an attempt to highlight a comparison between these two virtues. However, the subject has been a case for discussion since times immemorial and has become the subject of intense scrutiny in theatrical works over the past 300 years. German theatrical works have played an immense role in this area by helping produce some of the most magnificent works that deals with the good and the evil things in this world. Among them, the plays ‘Emilia Galotti’ by Lessing and ‘Die Rauber’ by Schiller have stood out in terms of their intricacy in projecting the subject that has worked wonders over the years in highlighting the issue. The current paper is an attempt at highlighting the same by discussing the subject in several perspectives of good and evil wherein each shall be discussed in separate sections. Lessing has always been one of the most famous playwrights in contemporary German literature. His 1771 play titled ‘Emilia Galotti’ has been the subject of intense scholarly debates for several centuries. There have been several interpretations of Emilia Galotti, which fall into three basic categories namely the traditional, scholarly association with the Roman legend of Virginia and as a father’s dilemma over securing and convincing the innocence of his daughter. There has been some opinion among a few scholars who view the play as a mere testimony of the struggle of the bourgeoisie (middle classes) against emancipation. However, the play is further very interesting to examine given that it provides a deeper insight

AN310 Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AN310 Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example f English-Luek, and something more of a forward looking paper on what will eventually happen with technology, rather than a reflective look on how it has and currently is affecting lives. Perhaps, as a result of this, his view seems highly optimistic: he presents many upsides to technology for the family, and a very few downsides. He rightly assumes that technology will continue to get cheaper and more accessible, and thus be more widely used as time goes on (Molitor 2003). Furthermore, he recognized that mobile technology would be of growing importance, and argues that this presents many opportunities for families to stay in closer contact with each other and so forth, noting that mobile acumen is now being developed in children â€Å"from birth† and that staying in contact â€Å"on the fly† will lead to greater integration among members of the family (Molitor 2003, p 9). English-Lueck’s analysis is based on observations of the way technology has affected the family, rather than how it could. It is a bit more double sided. Like Molitor, English Lueck noted that families felt that technology allowed them to stay in contact in ways that would not otherwise be possible – and thus gain more independence (English-Lueck 1998, p 5). However, technology also has a high degree of downsides. The largest is the intervention of work into family time – almost everyone in English-Lucke’s work complained of having work at home or sometimes even having a great deal of work at home without noticing it (English-Lueck 1998). Finally, English-Lueck noted that, while technology altered family life, it also conformed to expectations that had been built over generations before the technology existed, such as gender roles. Men would be expected to be better experts on technology than women, and more interested in â€Å"discussing it† (Enli gsh-Lueck 1998, p. 8), whereas women wanted to use it. One common thread that I found between the two readings and my own life is lack of

Personal statement Essay Example for Free

Personal statement Essay My names David, and just like my entire society of Jews, I have been neglected from the German nation. I have found no reasoning, no explanation, for why we been blamed for our countries extreme downfall. For the last two years our family has been in hiding and three months ago we were located and persecuted by the Nazis. The neighbors gather information and noticed we were Jewish, they quickly called the police. Weve received letters from our relatives stating their safe in a labor camp but I know they are probably not even alive anymore. Ive kept updated with the militaries action and they invaded Poland 39 as well. I feel an entire war begging and the help for our race is no where near. This Genocide is no where near over. We were stuffed into train crafts, over crowed without any space to sit. We had a bucket as a toilet for about 35 people. I felt the presence of evil from the begging, and even though I know were heading to Auschwitz I dont have any predictions for my future. As soon as we stepped off the train we were separated into two groups. To me the groups were workers and the other were the useless. I havent seen my mother or baby sister nor my grandmother. Me and my father escaped and are once again in hiding. We tried locating our family but we cant find anyone from the other group, but have seen bodies being disposed and the crematoria. I havent slept but Ive cried, consistently. As well as my father were torn down we understand what is going and are hopeless. I know the year, 1943. But not the day nor month. Help? I don’t expect it, not after 4 years not anytime soon especially not America who didn’t even allow the St. Louis ship to stop in the beginning. The only reason I believe this is because they have no idea what is going on. If they did they would evidently stop this epidemic and come rescue us. Me and my father have been living hopeless and have not expected anything to change but were safely hiding. Today we saw American soldiers invaded the labor camp and I have no idea what my future holds. Hopefully we can relocate to Israel which is under British control or united states. I just want for everything to go back to normal but the will never happen, especially since my family has been destroyed. The Allies soldiers are helping as much as possible and feel more sorrow then any other person, They will never fully understand what we went through. The world has come to a complete change, they understand that the isolation only brought destruction to entire world and the only way to keep peace is too come to a united world. I don’t feel the same, never will. My mentality has developed, I avoid eye contact with everyone, I hate speaking of the experiences but I most in order to let society know what has really happened.

Faulkners Condemnation of the South in Absalom, Absalom Essay

Faulkner's Condemnation of the South in Absalom, Absalom       William Faulkner came from an old, proud, and distinguished Mississippi family, which included a governor, a colonel in the Confederate army, and notable business pioneers.   Through his experiences from growing up in the old South, Faulkner has been able to express the values of the South through his characters. William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom offers a strong condemnation of the mores and morals of the South.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Faulkner's strong condemnation of the values of the South emanates from the actual story of the Sutpen family whose history must be seen as connected to the history of the South (Bloom 74).   Quentin tells this story in response to a Northerner's question:   "What is the South like?"  Ã‚   As the novel progresses, Quentin is explaining the story of the Sutpen myth and revealing it to the reader.   Faulkner says that the duty of an author, as an artist, is to depict the human heart in conflict with itself.   This attitude is revealed in the conflicts that Henry Sutpen undergoes in Absalom, Absalom.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Sutpen is the son of a poor mountain farmer who founded the Sutpen estate.   Thomas Sutpen stands for all the great and noble qualities of the South, and at the same time represents the failure of the South by rejecting the past and committing the same types of acts that his ancestors did (Connelly 34).   He rejects his own father to adopt a plantation owner as his surrogate father, who acts as a model of what a man is supposed to be.   When the plantation owner tells Sutpen to use the back door instead of the front door, Faulkner is using ... ...).    Works Cited    Aswell, Duncan. "The Puzzling Design of Absalom, Absalom!" Muhlenfeld 93-108    Bloom, Harold, ed.  Ã‚   Absalom, Absalom! Modern Critical Interpretations.   New York: Chelsea.  Ã‚  Ã‚   1987.    Connelly, Don.   "The History and Truth in Absalom, Absalom!" Northwestern University, 1991.    Faulkner, William.   Absalom, Absalom!   New York: Vintage, 1972    Levins, Lynn.   "The Four Narrative Perspectives in Absalom, Absalom!"   Austin: U of Texas,   1971.    Muhlenfeld, Elizabeth, ed. William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!: A Critical Casebook. New York: Garland, 1984.    Rollyson, Carl. "The Re-creation of the Past in Absalom, Absalom!"   Mississippi Quarterly 29 (1976): 361-74    Searle Leroy. "Opening the Door: Truth in Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!" Unpublished essay. N.d.

Discuss the following Essay

A staff meeting has been called for all members of the administrative department at the hospital where you work. Due to a change in patients’ needs, the hours of operation need to be modified.   Several scheduling options are presented and a decision has to be made. Should this decision be made by a majority vote, or a consensus? Support your choice with   reasoning from the decision making section on page 98 of your GMC. I think that due to the time and hours of operation that it should be a majority vote for the reason or reasons outlined below: 1.Since there is only the matter of counting votes, decisions can be reached much more quickly with majority rule. Majority rule does not require the same level of interpersonal communication. It is a democratic process which ultimately comes down to simple mathematics. This method of decision-making, outside of registration, is often anonymous. The nature of the process, in many cases, allows individuals to maintain their privacy, as others cannot know with certainty, for whom or what a person has voted. A disadvantage of majority rule is the majority’s ability to vote against the interests and preferences of those in the minority without those groups or individuals being heard or involved in the discussion. Those in the minority may be disenfranchised and remove themselves from the decision-making process because they are aware they do not have the numbers to win or significantly impact the vote.

Freedom

Freedom. We all dream about it. We all wish we could break free of the rules, laws and constraints we are all chained down by. The uniforms, taxes, laws and harsh, judgemental opinions: All these keep us in order, organized and running smoothly like a well-oiled machine. But sometimes what is best for people is not the strict guidelines and controlling regulations, but the shattering of the barrier to insanity and liberation, the spreading of wings and freedom of flight that we can only ever experience in dreams. Freedom, however, can have many different definitions.To be able to do anything they want without the fear of trouble, fines or cruel, judgemental opinions, or maybe just to be able to walk to the park alone. There are numerous levels of freedom and everybody’s opinion on where they are on those levels can depend on their upbringing, cultural background, age group and environment. Some cultures, for example, are considered to be stricter than others in certain, or all aspects of their children’s lives, even to the extent of an arranged marriage. There are many reasons for why children should be allowed some freedom, however, but still be on a loose leash.We all need to go through the childhood stage, with we need room to explore the world and take risks in a safe environment and manner. Parents just need to find a balance between the two, letting the child make some of their own decisions, but also letting them make small mistakes as to learn from them. Though some teenagers of this generation feel as if they need more freedom, most of them do not. Teenagers do not know the real meaning of freedom and have not learnt to savour it as those in the work force have. They do not know what it is like to have to fend for themselves, and have others depend on them to live as well.To have just one day where all that responsibility, and the responsibility of sticking to laws and restrictions, is lifted off their shoulders, would be the feeling of t rue freedom. Parents restrict their teenagers from doing some things and going to certain places because they want their children to be safe, but to enjoy and savour the freedom they have now before they are released into the â€Å"real world† and never to experience it again. Teenagers of this day and age have quite a bit of freedom in many aspects already compared to their parents and other older generations.Being a teenager myself, I can see why some others would like more, and feel as if they are deprived of, choice and freewill, though I understand that the restrictions placed and reinforced upon by the parents are only for our benefit. As our parents, they would have decidedly more knowledge of the world and its dangers due to experience, as they have been where us teens are today. The world, however, is changing, and with a new generation comes new experiences. There are many choices in life, and if we do not make mistakes, we would not be able to learn and grow as peo ple.Independence is a crucial lesson in life, and can only be achieved through self nourishment and exploration of both ourselves and the world around us. Though parents may think that by restricting their children from going out and contributing to certain events is to protect them, they may be actually shielding their children from the real world, feeding their children lies when the society they live in isn’t as innocent. Totally shielding that child from the events of the world would be unfair to both the parents and the child. Gradually exposing them to the world however, would be a nicer alternative.The shock of finding out how different the real world is compared to their thoughts and filtered knowledge would be extremely unfair as they would discover all the experiences they did not get to participate in, and feel as if their childhood had been wasted. This shielding of children may also have prevented them from having a social life. They may have been kept at home, q uietly reading, or studying for a test coming up in a couple of weeks, while their friends were out having fun and experiencing and contributing to the memories that they will be able to tell their children when they have grown out of their teenage years.Being kept at home, it would make sense that they would have a quieter and less outgoing personality, and that new experiences would not be as happily welcomed as they would by those who had had the chance to understand and gain knowledge about it. On the other hand, quite often teenagers who are kept at home, but who have knowledge of the outside world, become rebellious and disobedient in order to try and experience new things with friends and also to be socially accepted and to fit in.However, this creates tension and mistrust within families, and therefore harsher restrictions on their freedom, causing other, more forceful forms of rebellion. Freedom is classed on so many different levels, that sometimes, even walking home witho ut the threat of death is a dream. With countless different definitions of â€Å"freedom† each and every person would have a varied view on liberation and different levels on where they feel it. Teenagers need time to explore and experience, but on he other hand, they need to be able to do this in a fairly safe and comfortable environment. Lack of freedom hinders the growth and development of personalities and the teenager’s ever going search to find themselves, and who is going to make their mark in the world in the near future. Freedom is a part of life that shapes and moulds the clay of the future of mankind into the people who will one day run the world. And in freedom, we fly. Freedom Freedom. We all dream about it. We all wish we could break free of the rules, laws and constraints we are all chained down by. The uniforms, taxes, laws and harsh, judgemental opinions: All these keep us in order, organized and running smoothly like a well-oiled machine. But sometimes what is best for people is not the strict guidelines and controlling regulations, but the shattering of the barrier to insanity and liberation, the spreading of wings and freedom of flight that we can only ever experience in dreams. Freedom, however, can have many different definitions.To be able to do anything they want without the fear of trouble, fines or cruel, judgemental opinions, or maybe just to be able to walk to the park alone. There are numerous levels of freedom and everybody’s opinion on where they are on those levels can depend on their upbringing, cultural background, age group and environment. Some cultures, for example, are considered to be stricter than others in certain, or all aspects of their children’s lives, even to the extent of an arranged marriage. There are many reasons for why children should be allowed some freedom, however, but still be on a loose leash.We all need to go through the childhood stage, with we need room to explore the world and take risks in a safe environment and manner. Parents just need to find a balance between the two, letting the child make some of their own decisions, but also letting them make small mistakes as to learn from them. Though some teenagers of this generation feel as if they need more freedom, most of them do not. Teenagers do not know the real meaning of freedom and have not learnt to savour it as those in the work force have. They do not know what it is like to have to fend for themselves, and have others depend on them to live as well.To have just one day where all that responsibility, and the responsibility of sticking to laws and restrictions, is lifted off their shoulders, would be the feeling of t rue freedom. Parents restrict their teenagers from doing some things and going to certain places because they want their children to be safe, but to enjoy and savour the freedom they have now before they are released into the â€Å"real world† and never to experience it again. Teenagers of this day and age have quite a bit of freedom in many aspects already compared to their parents and other older generations.Being a teenager myself, I can see why some others would like more, and feel as if they are deprived of, choice and freewill, though I understand that the restrictions placed and reinforced upon by the parents are only for our benefit. As our parents, they would have decidedly more knowledge of the world and its dangers due to experience, as they have been where us teens are today. The world, however, is changing, and with a new generation comes new experiences. There are many choices in life, and if we do not make mistakes, we would not be able to learn and grow as peo ple.Independence is a crucial lesson in life, and can only be achieved through self nourishment and exploration of both ourselves and the world around us. Though parents may think that by restricting their children from going out and contributing to certain events is to protect them, they may be actually shielding their children from the real world, feeding their children lies when the society they live in isn’t as innocent. Totally shielding that child from the events of the world would be unfair to both the parents and the child. Gradually exposing them to the world however, would be a nicer alternative.The shock of finding out how different the real world is compared to their thoughts and filtered knowledge would be extremely unfair as they would discover all the experiences they did not get to participate in, and feel as if their childhood had been wasted. This shielding of children may also have prevented them from having a social life. They may have been kept at home, q uietly reading, or studying for a test coming up in a couple of weeks, while their friends were out having fun and experiencing and contributing to the memories that they will be able to tell their children when they have grown out of their teenage years.Being kept at home, it would make sense that they would have a quieter and less outgoing personality, and that new experiences would not be as happily welcomed as they would by those who had had the chance to understand and gain knowledge about it. On the other hand, quite often teenagers who are kept at home, but who have knowledge of the outside world, become rebellious and disobedient in order to try and experience new things with friends and also to be socially accepted and to fit in.However, this creates tension and mistrust within families, and therefore harsher restrictions on their freedom, causing other, more forceful forms of rebellion. Freedom is classed on so many different levels, that sometimes, even walking home witho ut the threat of death is a dream. With countless different definitions of â€Å"freedom† each and every person would have a varied view on liberation and different levels on where they feel it. Teenagers need time to explore and experience, but on he other hand, they need to be able to do this in a fairly safe and comfortable environment. Lack of freedom hinders the growth and development of personalities and the teenager’s ever going search to find themselves, and who is going to make their mark in the world in the near future. Freedom is a part of life that shapes and moulds the clay of the future of mankind into the people who will one day run the world. And in freedom, we fly.

Arizona V Johnson Essays

Arizona V Johnson Essays Arizona V Johnson Paper Arizona V Johnson Paper Arizona v Johnson (2009) 129 S. Ct. 781 Date of Judgment: January 26, 2009 INTRODUCTION In 2002, Lemon Montrea Johnson was the passenger in the backseat of a car stopped for a traffic violation. Johnson was charged with; inter alia, possession of drugs and possession of a weapon by a felon. These items were discovered during a protective pat-down search of Johnson. Johnson was convicted by the trial court. Johnson argued that his conviction should be overturned because the trial court was in error by denying his motion to suppress the evidence. He argued that he had been unlawfully â€Å"seized† because being a passenger in a vehicle does not automatically constitute â€Å"seizure. † He furthered argued that even if he had been â€Å"seized,† that by the time Officer Trevizo searched him he was no longer â€Å"seized† as their conversation had become consensual. Furthermore, the evidence should not be considered because the search violated his Fourth Amendment rights and because the officer had no reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was occurring as mandated by Terry v Ohio. On September 10, 2007, the Arizona Court of Appeals overturned the conviction. The court concluded that Trevizo had no right to pat Johnson down even though she believed he was armed and dangerous. The court held that Johnson, although legally detained, had evolved into consensual conversation with officer Trevizo regarding his gang affiliation. This conversation was not connected to the traffic stop of the driver; therefore, the officer may not conduct a pat-down without reasonable cause to believe that â€Å"criminal activity may be afoot. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, the state argued that police officers should have the right to conduct a pat-down search if they believe the person may be armed and dangerous. On June 23, 2008 the United States Supreme Court granted the State’s petition for a writ of certiorari. The question presented in this case is do police officers have the authority to â€Å"stop and frisk† a passenger in a motor vehicle temporar ily detained upon police detection of a traffic infraction on the basis they believe the person may be armed and dangerous, even when there is no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity? The Supreme Court decided that yes an officer’s reasonable belief that a person is armed and dangerous is sufficient for performing a pat-down search. They established that a Terry â€Å"stop† is met when police lawfully detain a vehicle and its occupants on a traffic violation. The police do not have to believe anyone in the vehicle is involved in criminal activity. A Terry â€Å"frisk† is justified if police reasonably believe the person may be armed and dangerous. Although this case is based on conditions of a traffic stop, one has to wonder if this will open the door to intrusive searches by officers in varying situations. FACTS On April 19, 2002, Officer Maria Trevizo and Detectives Machado and Gittings, members of Arizona’s gang task force, were patrolling in the Tucson neighborhood Sugar Hill, an area associated with the Crips gang. Around 9 p. m. , they pulled over a vehicle after a license plate check revealed its registration had been suspended for mandatory insurance law. The vehicle had three occupants, the driver, a passenger in the front seat, and Lemon Montrea Johnson, respondent, in the back seat. At the time of the stop, the officers had no reason to suspect anyone in the vehicle of criminal activity. The officers walked toward the car. Machado told the occupants to keep their hands in sight. He inquired if there were any weapons in the vehicle, all three said no. Machado instructed the driver to get out of the car. Gittings talked to the front seat passenger, who remained in the vehicle throughout the duration of the traffic stop. Machado interviewed the driver regarding the insurance and registration. Trevizo dealt with Johnson. As Officer Trevizo approached the vehicle, she noticed Johnson alternately watching the officers and commenting to the front seat passenger. This alerted Officer Trevizo. When she drew closer to the vehicle, she noticed Johnson wearing a blue bandana, the chosen color of the Crips. Additionally, she observed that Johnson had a police scanner in his jacket, which she found to be unusual and cause for concern, as† most people† would not carry a scanner â€Å"unless they’re going to be involved in some kind of criminal activity or [are] going to try to evade the police by listening to the scanner. † Trevizo questioned Johnson, who did not have any identification with him but he did provide his name and date of birth. He also stated he was from Eloy, Arizona, a known home to the Crips. Johnson revealed he was a convicted felon who had served prison time for burglary. These factors led Officer Trevizo to believe Johnson may have been a gang member. Officer Trevizo wanted to gather intelligence about the gang Johnson may have been in, as gathering intelligence was one of her main missions in the task force. Officer Trevizo wished to question Johnson away from the others and asked Johnson to get out of the car. Johnson complied. Officer Trevizo was trained extensively as a gang task force officer and knew gang members generally tend to carry a gun. She was concerned for her safety, but did not have a reasonable indication that â€Å"Johnson was engaged in or about to engaged in criminal activity. † When Johnson got out of the car, Trevizo â€Å"patted him down for officer safety. † While patting Johnson down, Trevizo discovered a gun. At that time, Johnson began to struggle. Officer Trevizo hand cuffed Johnson. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND A. Trial Court Johnson was charged with possession of a weapon by a prohibited possessor, possession of marijuana, and resisting arrest. On October 31, 2005, Johnson filed a motion to suppress evidence found on his person during the pat-down search. The motion was denied. In November, 2005, Johnson was found guilty of the weapons charge as well as possession of marijuana, but not of resisting arrest. He was sentenced to eight years and one year concurrently. B. Arizona Court of Appeals Johnson appealed. The Arizona Court of Appeals in State v Johnson reversed the conviction. The majority held that Johnson was lawfully detained at the time of the stop; however, the conversation between Trevizo and Johnson had turned into a consensual one that was unrelated to the traffic stop. Since Trevizo had no indication that criminal activity was occurring, she had no right pat Johnson down even if she believed he was armed and dangerous. The court referred to Terry v Ohio finding that a Terry stop allows officers to conduct a pat-down search in order to protect the officers, a consensual search does not as they stated in Ilono H: â€Å"Terry and its Supreme Court progeny addressed the propriety of a pat-down search exclusively in the context of a lawful investigatory stop. We do not read those cases to authorize a pat-down search as part of a mere consensual encountereven hen an officer may have grounds to believe the targets of the encounter are potentially armed and dangerous. † The court also drew upon the Supreme Court’s holding in Brendlin v California to determine if Johnson had been lawfully seized. In Brendlin v California, â€Å"a passenger is seized when the vehicle in which he or she is riding in is lawfully stopped by police. However, Johns on contended that even though he had been seized that was no longer the case because it had turned into a â€Å"consensual encounter before Trevizo patted him down. The court cited cases that stated a traffic stop may become consensual â€Å"when officers return the license or registration to a stopped driver, issue the driver a citation or warning, or tells the driver he or she is free to go† or â€Å"asks questions without further constraining the driver by an overbearing show of authority. † The court could not find any case law to establish that point with a passenger, but they reasoned that common sense suggests that at some point the passenger should be free to walk away. To decide when that point was, they applied a standard of reasonableness. The court elaborated on what was a consensual encounter. They considered a consensual encounter is if a person cooperates with the police voluntarily, answering non-coercive questioning. Additionally, if that person is free to leave at any time, he or she is not seized under the Fourth Amendment. Furthermore, the court stated that the encounter would not be consensual if the person did not feel free to leave. In Johnson’s case, the reason Officer Trevizo wished to speak with Johnson to learn more about his gang affiliation, not about the traffic stop and Trevizo testified that Johnson was free to leave at any time. The court stated that Trevizo could have ordered the passengers out of the car, but she did not. Trevizo had also stated that Johnson could have refused to get out of the car. Arizona case law agrees that a Terry stop can evolve into a consensual encounter as in State v Navarro. In Navarro’s case, a suspect in a shooting was taken into custody during a valid Terry stop, but the court determined it evolved into a consensual encounter because the suspect had not been â€Å"confront[ed] and surround[ed] at the initial detention† His handcuffs were removed and he voluntarily agreed to go (unfrisked and in the officer’s front seat) down town with the officer to talk about the shooting. In comparing the cases, the court believed Navarro was subjected to a greater level of coercion than Johnson. After examining every aspect of Johnson’s encounter with Trevizo, the court determined that Johnson’s getting out of the car to talk to Trevizo was consensual. They stated any â€Å"reasonable person in Johnson’s position and under these circumstances would have felt he could have remained in the vehicle. † They acknowledged that Trevizo had a reason to believe Johnson was armed and dangerous (clothing, scanner, hometown) but that fact alone did not give her the right to pat Johnson down in a consensual encounter. They determined that the trial court made an error when they chose not to suppress the evidence found. They reversed Johnson’s convictions and sentences and remanded the case for further proceedings. Judge Espinosa dissented. He found it unrealistic to conclude that just because Trevizo did not use coercion and Johnson volunteered to talk to her, made the encounter evolve into a consensual encounter. Consequently, Trevizo, fearing for her safety and the safety of others, could not legally conduct a pat-down search. The dissent noted that in Ilono H. the right to conduct a pat-down search should be dependent on the legality of the original Terry stop. Additionally, the dissent stated Arizona courts had many cases affirming the right of an officer to conduct a pat-down search when there is reasonable concern for his safety, as in State v Riley where a passenger was patted down during a traffic stop, in State v Valle where a passenger was patted down after he reached for his waistband when he was asked if he had a weapon, and in Adams v Williams that stated an â€Å"The purpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence of crime, but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence. The dissent continued that this was a legal traffic stop and since Officer Trevizo believed Johnson was armed and was a threat to her as well as the others; therefore she had the right to conduct a pat-down search of Johnson. The Arizona Supreme Court denied review. C. United States Supreme Court The State of Arizona appealed. The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed the judgment of the Arizona Cou rt of Appeals. They began by looking at Terry v Ohio. The police must have a reasonable belief that a person is engaged in criminal activity in order to stop him or her and a reasonable suspicion that the person temporarily detained is armed and dangerous in order to frisk him or her â€Å"stop and frisk. † â€Å"Because a limited search of outer clothing for weapons serves to protect both the officer and the public, a pat-down is constitutional. † With traffic stops being short in nature, similar to the detention authorized in Terry, the threat of danger to the police officer is heightened who is authorized to reduce the risk by taking â€Å"unquestioned command of the situation. To elaborate on Johnson being in a Terry situation, the court referred to Pennsylvania v Mimms which held that it does not violate the Fourth Amendment â€Å"because the governments legitimate and weighty interest in officer safety outweighs the de minimis additional   [**699]  intrusion of requiring a driver, already lawfully stopped, to e xit the vehicle. † Once outside the vehicle, Terry v Ohio states the driver can be then be patted down if there is suspicion he is armed and dangerous. The Mimms rule pertains to passengers as well as to drivers. They both have the same motivation to steer clear of being arrested for more significant crimes than traffic related offenses they have the same motivation to use violence to avoid such arrest. The safety of the officer outweighs the â€Å"minimal† intrusion of being asked to get out of the car and all the occupants of the vehicle have already been seized by nature of the car stop. The Supreme Court held that the Arizona court was in error in believing that Trevizo and Johnson’s encounter had evolved into a consensual encounter. Trevizo had not told Johnson he was free to leave nor did she inform him he did not have to cooperate with her and answer her questions. In other words, she did not give Johnson any reason to believe that her interrogation was consensual. Furthermore, a lawful roadside stop begins when the vehicle is pulled over and ends when police no longer need to control the situation at which time they inform the driver and passengers they are free to leave. A reasonable passenger would understand that as long as the car was seized, he was seized as well. The fact that Johnson was being interrogated about matters other than traffic would not change that understanding. Nothing had happened in the encounter before the frisk that would lead Johnson to believe he was free to leave without the officer’s permission. In a unanimous decision written by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Supreme Court reversed the Arizona Court of Appeals. Arizona v Johnson was reversed and remanded. The Court held that Johnson’s encounter was not consensual and did not violate his Fourth Amendment rights. The court opined: valid traffic stops give officers the right to detain the driver and passengers for the duration of the stop; drivers and passengers may be removed from the vehicle with no additional justification; occupants may be asked for identification; if the officer reasonably believes the person may be armed and dangerous, he may conduct a pat-down search (even if he does not believe the person has been or is engaged in criminal activity); officers may inquire or converse about matters other than the traffic stop without it turning in to a consensual encounter as long as it does not â€Å"meaningfully prolong† the traffic stop. LEGAL BACKGROUND The Fourth Amendment to the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. † When the Fourth Amendment law was created, no one could have predicted the controversy that would follow in this era of mobility. The first time the Court had to address how the Fourth Amendment applies to searches of automobiles was in 1925, Carroll v United States. Two men were suspected of bootlegging. The police pulled them over and discovered illegal liquor in the trunk of their automobile. The defendants argued there was no warrant served allowing police to search their vehicle, therefore, the evidence should be suppressed. The Court disagreed, reasoning it was impractical to obtain a warrant due the mobility of an automobile. The Court noted difference between buildings and automobiles. Automobiles have the ability to leave the jurisdiction, taking the evidence with them, before a warrant could be obtained. The ruling in Carroll v United States enacted warrantless searches of vehicles are permissible if there was â€Å"probable cause† to believe contraband could be in the vehicle and belief that the vehicle could be moved before the officer could get a warrant. This became known as the â€Å"automobile exception. † The Court had created distinct guidelines for searching, with or without warrant. Now they needed to determine a clear definition of seizure. The benchmark case to define seizure is Terry v Ohio. The â€Å"stop and frisk† procedure was formally created in the case of Terry v Ohio. In October, 1963 a police officer observed two suspicious acting men standing on a street corner. One of the men would leave, walk down the street, look carefully in store windows, continue walking, turn around and look in the same windows again, and return to the corner to talk to the other man again. The second man did the same thing. In fact, they went back and forth six times. The police officer found this behavior highly bizarre and believed they were going to rob the store they had been observing. This led him to believe they were probably armed as well. He followed the men around the corner, where they were meeting with a third man. He approached them and asked their names. They mumbled incoherently. The officer grabbed the man in the middle (Terry) and patted down the outside of his clothing. He found a pistol in the left breast pocket of his jacket, but he could not retrieve it, so he asked them to go into the store. He removed Terry’s jacket and retrieved the pistol. The officer patted down the second man and found a pistol on him as well. The third man did not have a weapon on him. The men were taken into custody and charged with carrying a concealed weapon. Terry moved that the evidence should be suppressed as the evidence found was the result of an illegal search which violated his Fourth Amendment rights. The judge denied this motion stating that the officer’s experience granted enough cause to conduct an interrogation. The defense appealed to the Supreme Court. The main issue the Supreme Court had to deal with was whether or not Terry’s Fourth Amendment rights had been violated by unreasonable search and seizure. They held what came to be known as â€Å"stop and frisk,† which contained two parts. First, an officer may stop a person if he has â€Å"reasonable suspicion,† based on articulable facts that the person has committed or is in the process of committing a crime. The existence of reasonable suspicion depends on the overall view of the circumstances, including the† information known to the officer† and any â€Å"reasonable inferences to be drawn at the time of the stop. † This â€Å"investigative stop† does not require â€Å"probable cause† found the Fourth Amendment’s warrant clause. Probable cause in short is a reasonable belief that a person has committed a crime. † In determining what is probable cause . . . [w]e are concerned only with the question whether the affiant had reasonable grounds at the time of his affidavit . . . for the belief that the law was being violated on the premises to be searched; and if the apparent facts set out in the affidavit are such that a reasonably discreet and prudent man would be led to believe that there was a commission of the offense charged, there is probable cause justifying the issuance of a warrant. A person, within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, is seized â€Å"whenever a police officer accosts an individual and restrains his freedom to walk away. † They also determined that patting down the outer clothing is a â€Å"search† under that Amendment. Second, to proceed from the â€Å"stop† to the â€Å"frisk† â€Å"a reasonably prudent officer must believe that he or others are in d anger, then he may make a reasonable search of the person that he believes is armed and dangerous, regardless if he is certain the person is armed or regardless of whether or not he has cause to arrest the person. They stated that police must have probable cause and when possible have a warrant to search. In on-the-spot cases, however, it is not practical to obtain a warrant. The officer in the Terry case did have reason to suspect the men were armed. Therefore, the Supreme Court affirmed Terry’s conviction. Elaborating on whether or not a person has been seized is found in United States v Mendenhall. The Court held that a person is seized â€Å"if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. On February 10, 1976, Sylvia Mendenhall flew in to the Detroit Metropolitan Airport on a flight from Los Angeles. DEA agents observed her behavior as suspicious as if she were possibly carrying illegal drugs. The agents approached her and asked for identification and her airline ticket. Her airline ticket showed her name as â€Å"Annette Ford. † When questioned, she responded she just felt like using that name. Agent Anderson asked Mendenhall to go with him to the airport DEA office. She did. He asked her if she would allow him to search her handbag, clearing stating she did not have to if she did not want to. She handed him the handbag. A female officer arrived to search her person. Before proceeding, the officer asked Mendenhall if she consented to being searched which she responded she did. When heroin was found, she was arrested. The District Court denied Mendenhall’s motion to suppress, since she had consented to the search. The question to the Supreme Court was whether or not Mendenhall was â€Å"seized† when the DEA agents first approached her and requested her identification. The Court concluded that a person has been â€Å"seized† if considering all the circumstances, a reasonable person in that situation, would believe he did not have the freedom to leave. According to Mendenhall, without â€Å"reasonable suspicion† law enforcement may make consensual contact with a person. The person does don have to answer any questions. As long as he or she is free to walk away, the encounter does not violate any liberties granted in the Fourth Amendment. In Pennsylvania v Mimms, the Court held that an officer may order a driver out of the car, provided the traffic stop was lawful. Two Philadelphia policemen were patrolling when they noticed a car with an expired license. They pulled the car over to ticket the driver for driving with expired tags. One of the officers asked the driver, Mimms, to step out of the vehicle to provide his license and registration. Upon doing so, the officer noticed a â€Å"bulge under his jacket. † The officer frisked Mimms and found a loaded 38-caliber revolver. Mimms was charged and convicted with carrying a concealed deadly weapon and unlawfully carrying a firearm without a license in the trial court. Mimms moved to suppress the evidence. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court reversed the conviction after determining that the way the gun was discovered was a violation of the Fourth Amendment. They held that the officer’s request for Mimms to get out of the car was an unlawful seizure, protected against in the Fourth Amendment. â€Å"This was so because the officer could not point to â€Å"objective observable facts to support a suspicion that criminal activity was afoot or that the occupants of the vehicle posed a threat to police safety. † They continued that the officer should have never had the opportunity to notice the bulge; therefore, the search should have never taken place. The United States Supreme Court did not agree with the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The Court referred to Terry v Ohio as setting the standard of whether the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search `warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate there is little doubt that the officer was justified. The Court stated â€Å"the officers safety outweighs the additional intrusion of the driver to get out of the car which was â€Å"de minimis† since he was already detained by the traffic stop. The Court reversed the decision of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Maryland v Wilson extended the ruling of Pennsylvania v Mimms that an officer may order the driver out of the car, to passengers as well. A Maryland state trooper pulled over a speeding car on I-95 in Baltimore County. The officer noticed the passenger, Wilson, sweating and appearing to be very nervous. The officer ordered Wilson to get out of the car . When he did, a quantity of cocaine fell on the ground. Wilson was charged with possession of cocaine with intent to deliver. The Baltimore County Circuit Court granted the motion to suppress the evidence stating that ordering Wilson to get out of the car violated his Fourth Amendment rights, constituting an unreasonable seizure. The Maryland Court of Special Appeals affirmed. The United States Supreme Court had to decide whether or not the ruling in Mimms should be extended to include passengers. The Court held that the ruling should extend to the passengers as the â€Å"additional intrusion of exiting the vehicle as â€Å"de minimis† in comparison to the officer’s safety. The Court reasoned that a passenger would have the same motivation as a driver prevent additional crimes from being discovered during the stop, thereby, bringing the threat of violence from the passenger. The Arizona Court of Appeals relied on two Arizona cases they felt set precedent in this case, State v Navarro and In re Ilono H. In Navarro, a shooting had taken place. A few hours later, police stopped a car near the sc ene of the shooting. One of the passengers met the description of the shooter. He was handcuffed then questioned by the police. After conversing ith the police, they removed the handcuffs and asked Navarro to go with an officer to the police station. Navarro agreed to go with the officer. He was allowed to sit, unrestrained, in the front seat with the officer. Navarro was not told he was free to go, nor did he express a desire to leave. At the police station, Navarro was left in the interrogation room unattended, while the officer went to buy him a drink. Navarro agreed to have his testimony taped, his photograph taken, and to be fingerprinted. Navarro signed consent forms and admitted he was aware of his Miranda rights. This led to the conviction of Navarro. Navarro argued the evidence was illegally obtained. Navarro argued the legal detention had evolved into an illegal arrest when he went with the officer to the station. The court held that Navarro was neither in custody, nor under arrest when he agreed to go to the police station because â€Å"under the circumstances, a reasonable, innocent person would have felt free to decline the officer’s request to accompany him for questioning downtown. † In Ilono H. , two policemen approached five people in a park who were known for drug activity. They were dressed in red, a color associated with gang activity. After talking with the individuals, officers conducted pat down searches of the youth because gang members often carry weapons. The pat-down revealed Ilono had a 40-ounce beer on him. He was arrested for illegal possession of alcohol. In a search incident to the arrest, cocaine was found in Ilono’s pocket. Ilono was convicted. On appeal to the Arizona Court of Appeals, the court determined that a Terry frisk is only allowed when the officer believes the person is, or will be in the near future, engaged in criminal activity. The court found that this was a consensual encounter, which an officer may initiate but it may be terminated at any point if the person so desires. The court held that the officers did not have a right to make an investigatory stop because they had no reasonable belief Ilono had committed or was committing a crime; therefore, the pat-down search was illegal in this consensual encounter. The two most recent Supreme Court cases setting important precedent in Arizona v Johnson is Knowles v Iowa and Brendlin v California. In Knowles v Iowa, Knowles was pulled over for speeding. In lieu of an arrest, the officer issued Knowles a citation. After issuing the citation, the officer searched the vehicle. He found marijuana along with a pipe and charged him with possession. The issue at hand was, considering the officer had not made an arrest, did he have the authority to conduct the search consistent with the Fourth Amendment? The Court said â€Å"no. † The issue at hand was not the subject referred to by the Court in Arizona v Johnson. The issue brought up was that the Court in that case stated â€Å"that officers who conduct ‘routine traffic stop[s]’ many ‘perform a pat-down of a driver and any passengers upon reasonable suspicion that they may be armed and dangerous. In Brendlin, the Court held that a passenger is seized, according to the Fourth Amendment, just as the driver is seized. On November 27, 2001 in Sutter County, California, Bruce Brendlin was a passenger in a vehicle pulled over for an expired registration. The officer had inquired about the registration earlier in the day while th e car was parked. He had been informed that the renewal was being processed and the temporary registration was displayed in the back window was legal. While addressing the driver, Karen Simeroth, the officer recognized Brendlin as one of the â€Å"Brendlin Brothers. † The officer was certain he was a parole violator. After verifying that indeed Brendlin was a parole violator, the officer called for backup, ordered Brendlin out of the car at gunpoint, and arrested him and the driver. In the search incident to arrest, the officer found a syringe cap on Brendlin, syringes and marijuana on Simeroth, and methamphetamine along with equipment used to manufacture the drug in the vehicle. Brendlin argued to suppress the evidence stating that he was unlawfully seized by the traffic stop because the officer did not have probable cause to make the stop. Brendlin was denied by the trial court as they stated Brendlin was not seized until the officer ordered him out of the car and therefore did not have the right to challenge the legality of the stop. The California Court of Appeals reversed the decision made by the trial court. This court found that Brendlin was seized by the traffic stop; however, they determined the traffic stop was illegal. The United States Supreme Court had to decide whether or not a passenger is seized, according to the Fourth Amendment, in a traffic stop. The Court used the analogy of â€Å"whether a reasonable person in Brendlin’s position when the car was stopped would have believed himself free to ‘terminate the encounter’ between the police and himself. † The Court held â€Å"We think that in these circumstances any reasonable passenger would have understood the police officers to be exercising control to the point that no one in the car was free to depart without police permission. The Court explained that a traffic stop limits the actions of the passenger just as it does the driver and that the officer initiating the traffic stop â€Å"acts with an implicit claim of right based on fault of some sort, and a sensible person would not expect a police officer to allow people to come and go freely. † Therefore, the Court concluded that the Brendlin was seized by t he traffic stop â€Å"despite the fact that he was merely a passenger and not the target of the stop itself,† consequently he did have the right to challenge if his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. COURT’S RATIONALE Before Johnson, according to Terry v Ohio, law enforcement was allowed to detain a person briefly if they believed he is was in the process of committing a crime or had committed a crime. Additionally, if the officer believed the detainee was armed and dangerous, the officer was allowed to conduct a pat-down of the detainee’s outer clothing to ensure he had no weapons on him. The Arizona Court of Appeals interpreted the Terry ruling did not apply to a person involved in a consensual encounter if the officer did not believe criminal activity was occurring, even if they believed he was armed and dangerous. The question this court asked was Johnson â€Å"seized† when he was frisked or had the encounter turned into a consensual conversation? They did refer to the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Brendlin v California that a passenger is â€Å"seized† during a traffic stop, however, they noted that the Court did not designate when the seizure ended. They reasoned that â€Å"common sense† would allow that there must be a point in time where the passengers in the vehicle are free to leave and that â€Å"their fate is not entirely tied to that of the driver. They further compared this case to In re Ilono H. and reasoned that since Johnson was engaging in conversation unrelated to the traffic stop with Officer Trevizo, it had evolved into a separate consensual encounter. The court emphasized that Officer Trevizo believed Johnson was free to terminate the encounter at any time. The court also compared Johnson to Navarro. They determined Navarro had been subj ect to a greater level of coercion that Johnson had been and that the reasonable person in Johnson’s position would have believed he was free to stay in the vehicle. Furthermore, since Officer Trevizo had no suspicion that Johnson was involved in criminal activity, she had no right to frisk him, even if she believed he was armed and dangerous. Since the court had determined the encounter was consensual, they held that the evidence found should be suppressed. Judge Philip Espinosa dissented stating that the majority had placed police in greater danger. Judge Espinosa pointed out the language of Ilono H. stated a pat-down search should rely on the legality of the original stop and that in this case the original stop was legal. He also pointed out that Arizona courts had long acknowledged the right of an Arizona officer to conduct pat-down searches when he has a â€Å"reasonable concern for his safety. † Since Officer Trevizo did have a concern for her safety and the stop was legal, the dissent concluded the search was lawful and the evidence should not be suppressed. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Ginsburg, the Court established that an officer may pat-down a passenger in a vehicle during the course of a traffic stop if the officer has an articulable suspicion to believe that person is armed and dangerous. ANALYSIS The Fourth Amendment is critical when it comes to protecting the rights of individuals from unreasonable seizures and searches. Johnson’s case required the Court to set a balance between these rights and the safety of law enforcement. The Supreme Court had already made exceptions to warrantless searches in Terry v Ohio. This Johnson decision expanded the Terry rule of †stop and frisk† to traffic stops. The Court reasoned that traffic stops indicate to a reasonable passenger that he is â€Å"seized† along with the passenger for the duration of the stop. Additionally, the Court noted that traffic stops are â€Å"fraught with danger to police officers. Unlike Terry, however, no longer do police need to believe the detainee is engaged in or has been engaged in criminal activity, they just need to â€Å"reasonably suspect† the person subjected to the pat-down is armed and dangerous. Conclusion The significance of this holding is that it increased officer safety by allowing them to pat-down a person, â€Å"seized† by a traffic stop (be it driver or passenger), provided the stop is legal and the officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person may be armed and dangerous. The Supreme Court has always faced the challenging job: balancing individual liberties with need for law and order. Fourth street advocates state this is another nail in the coffin of our Fourth Amendment rights. As with any expansion of police authority, there is always the chance of abuse of power. It is possible some police will abuse this power, using pat-downs during routine traffic stops in the hopes of turning a speeding ticket into something more interesting. Could Johnson eventually apply to any person the police may confront and/or detain? Pat-down searches are intrusive, humiliating, and embarrassing. Does this give law enforcement to pat-down anyone, anywhere under the disguise of officer safety? Will this lead to targeting and profiling? Will police be able to ignore the plastic baggie found while searching for weapons? Furthermore, will this prevent individuals from voluntarily interacting with police, knowing they may be frisked? Time will tell. On the other hand, officer safety is paramount. Not allowing officers to search occupants, within the context of a traffic stop, for weapons when there may be a threat to their safety would cripple their ability to perform their job effectively. Johnson was fresh out of prison, wearing gang colors, and carrying a police scanner. Even to an untrained civilian, it would seem common sense to frisk Johnson. In this case, highly trained Officer Trevizo took the chance that the evidence may have been suppressed, but that chance may have saved her life as well as the other officers. If Johnson had been allowed to leave the scene with the weapon, other lives were in jeopardy. The fact that the everyday law abiding citizen may face an intrusive pat-down seems a small price to pay for protecting the law enforcement that are sworn to protect and serve. The bottom line is the Supreme Court unanimously decided that officer safety comes first. It is what it is. 1 ]. State v Johnson, 170 3d 667, 668,674 (Ariz. Ct. App, 2007). [ 2 ]. Id. [ 3 ]. Id. at 669. [ 4 ]. Id. [ 5 ]. Id. at 668. [ 6 ]. Id. at 671. [ 7 ]. Id. [ 8 ]. Bill of Rights Amendment IV, The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particul arly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. [ 9 ]. Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). The court held that an officer is justified in conducting a limited search of persons whom he suspects may be armed and dangerous in order to discover any weapons which might be used to assault him or others nearby, even if they have no suspicion that the passenger has committed any crime. [ 10 ]. Id. at 667. [ 11 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 669. [ 12 ]. Id. [ 13 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 667 (quoting Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1, 30 (1968)). [ 14 ]. Arizona v Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 339, 172 L. Ed. 2d 14 (2008). [ 15 ]. Id. [ 16 ]. Id. [ 17 ]. Id. [ 18 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 668. [ 19 ]. Id. [ 20 ]. Id. [ 21 ]. Joint Appendix at 29, Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961 (No. 07-1122). [ 22 ]. Joint Appendix at 14. [ 23 ]. Id. at 15. [ 24 ]. Id. at 31. [ 25 ]. Id. at 42-43. [ 26 ]. Id. [ 27 ]. Id. at 12. [ 28 ]. Id. at 17. [ 29 ]. Id. at 16. [ 30 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 667, 669. [ 31 ]. Id. [ 32 ]. Joint Appendix at 19, Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961 (No. 07-1122). [ 33 ]. Id. [ 34 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 669. [ 35 ]. Joint Appendix at 10, Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961 (No. 07-1122). [ 36 ]. Id. at 29. [ 37 ]. Id. at 20. [ 38 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 669-670. [ 39 ]. Id. [ 40 ]. Id. at 669-670. [ 41 ]. Id. [ 42 ]. Id. at 668. [ 43 ]. Id. [ 44 ]. Id. at 671. [ 45 ]. Id. at 673. 46 ]. Id. [ 47 ]. Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968). [ 48 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 49 ]. Ilono H. , 210 Ariz. 473, P2, 113 P. 3d at 697. [ 50 ]. Id. at P12. [ 51 ]. Brendlin v California, U. S. 127 S. Ct. 2400, 2410, 168 L. Ed. 2d 132 (2007). [ 52 ]. Id. [ 53 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 54 ]. United States v Hernandez, 93 F. 3d 1493, 1498 (10th Cir. 1996). [ 55 ]. United States v Werking, 915 F. 2d 1404, 1408-09 (10th Cir. 1990). [ 56 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 57 ]. Id. [ 58 ]. Hernandez, 93 F. 3d at 1498. [ 59 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 60 ]. Id. 61 ]. Id. [ 62 ]. State v Navarro, 201 Ariz. 272, 34 P. 3d 971 (App. 2001). [ 63 ]. Id. [ 64 ]. Id. [ 65 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 66 ]. Id. [ 67 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 60, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 68 ]. Id. [ 69 ]. Ilono H. , 210 Ariz. 473, P2, 113 P. 3d at 697. This was a consensual encounter, not a traffic stop between a juvenile and an officer. [ 70 ]. State v Riley, 196 Ariz. 40, P16, 992 P. 2d 1135, 1140 (App. 1999). [ 71 ]. State v Valle, 196 Ariz. 324, P9, 996 P. 2d 125, 128 (App. 2000). [ 72 ]. Adams v Williams, 407 U. S. 143, 146, 92 S. Ct. 1921, 1923, 32 L. Ed. 2d 612 (1972). [ 73 ]. Johnson, 217 Ariz. 0, 170 P. 3d at 672. [ 74 ]. State v Johnson, 2007 Ariz. LEXIS 154 (Ariz. Nov. 29, 2007). [ 75 ] . Arizona v Johnson, 128 S. Ct. 2961, 171 L. Ed. 2d 884, 2008 U. S. LEXIS 5208, 76 U. S. L. W. 3673 (U. S. 2008). [ 76 ]. Arizona v Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781, 172 L. Ed. 2d 694, 2009 U. S. LEXIS 868, 21 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 620 (U. s. 2009). [ 77 ]. Terry v Ohio, 392 U. S. 1 (1968). [ 78 ]. Id. at 24. [ 79 ]. Id. at 23-24, 27, 30-31. [ 80 ]. Berkemer v McCarty, 468, U. S. 420, 439, n. 29, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 82 L. Ed 2d 317 [ 81 ]. Michigan v Long, 463 U. S. 1032, 1047, 103 S. Ct. 3469, 77 L. Ed 2d 1204. [ 82 ]. Maryland v Wilson, 519 U. S. 408, 414, 117 S. Ct. 882, 137 L. Ed 2d 41. [ 83 ]. Pennsylvania v Mimms, 434 U. S. 106, 98 S. Ct. 330, 54 L. Ed. 2d, 331. [ 84 ]. Id. at 111. [ 85 ]. Id. at 110-111. [ 86 ]. Terry v Ohio, 434 U. S. , at 112. [ 87 ]. Pennsylvania v Mimms, 434 U. S. 106 [ 88 ]. Johnson 129 S. Ct. 781, at 698. [ 89 ]. Id. [ 90 ]. Brendlin, 551 U. S. , at 257. [ 91 ]. Johnson 129 S. Ct. 781, at 698. [ 92 ]. U. S. Constitution – Amendment 4. [ 93 ]. Carroll v United States, 267 U. S. 132 (1925). [ 94 ]. Id. at 160. [ 95 ]. Id. at 132. [ 96 ]. Id. at 158. [ 97 ]. Id. at 150-53. [ 98 ]. Id. at 153. [ 99 ]. Id. [ 100 ]. Terry, 392 U. S. at 16. 101 ]. Id. at 4-7. [ 102 ]. Terry, 392 U. S. at 2. [ 103 ]. Id. at 16-20. [ 104 ]. Id. at 24. [ 105 ]. U. S. Constitution – Fourth Amendment. [ 106 ]. lectlaw. com. [ 107 ]. Dumbra v. United States, 268 U. S. 435, 439 , 441 (1925). [ 108 ]. Id. at 16. [ 109 ]. Id. [ 110 ]. Id. at 20-27. [ 111 ]. Id. at 20. [ 112 ]. Id. [ 113 ]. United States v Mendenh all, 446 U. S. 544, 545 (1980). [ 114 ]. Id. at 554. [ 115 ]. Id. at 547-49. [ 116 ]. Id. [ 117 ]. Id. at 555. [ 118 ]. Id. [ 119 ]. Id. at 544. [ 120 ]. Id. at 554. [ 121 ]. Pennsylvania v Mimms, 434 U. S. at 106, 98 S. Ct. 330, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1977). [ 122 ]. Id. [ 123 ]. Id. [ 124 ]. Id. [ 125 ]. Id. [ 126 ]. Id. [ 127 ]. Id. [ 128 ]. Id. [ 129 ]. Id at 106, 108. [ 130 ]. Id. [ 131 ]. Id. [ 132 ]. Id. [ 133 ]. Id. [ 134 ]. Id. at 106, 112 (quoting Terry, 392 U. S. , at 21-22). [ 135 ]. Mimms 434, U. S. 106, at 112. [ 136 ]. Id. at 111. [ 137 ]. Id. [ 138 ]. Maryland v Wilson, 519 U. S. 408 (1997). [ 139 ]. Id. [ 140 ]. Id. [ 141 ]. Id. [ 142 ]. Id. [ 143 ]. Id. [ 144 ]. Maryland v Wilson, 519 U. S. , 408 (1997). [ 145 ]. Id. at 414. [ 146 ]. State v Navarro, 34 P. 3d 971 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2001). [ 147 ]. In re Ilono H. , 113 P. 3d 696 (Ariz Ct. App. 2005). [ 148 ]. Navarro, 34 P. d at 971, 973. [ 149 ]. Id. [ 150 ]. Id. [ 151 ]. Id. [ 152 ]. Id. [ 153 ]. Id. [ 154 ]. Id. at 973-974. [ 155 ]. Id. at 972. [ 156 ]. Id. at 974. [ 157 ]. Id. at 974-975. [ 158 ]. Id. [ 159 ]. Id. [ 160 ]. Ilono H. , 113 P. 3d at 697. [ 161 ]. Id. [ 162 ]. Id. [ 163 ]. Id. [ 164 ]. Id. [ 165 ]. Id. [ 166 ]. Id. [ 167 ]. Id. at 700-701. [ 168 ]. Knowles v Iowa, 52 5 U. S. 113, 117–18 (1998). [ 169 ]. Brendlin v. California, 127 S. Ct. 2400, 2410 (2007). [ 170 ]. Knowles v Iowa, 525 U. S. at 114. [ 171 ]. Idat 113. [ 172 ]. Id. at 118. [ 173 ]. Brendlin, 127 S. Ct. at 2403. [ 174 ]. Id. at 2404. [ 175 ]. Id. [ 176 ]. Id. 177 ]. Id. [ 178 ]. Id. [ 179 ]. Id. [ 180 ]. Id. [ 181 ]. Id. at 2404-05. [ 182 ]. Id. at 2405-06 (quoting Florida v Bostick, 501 U. S. 429, 435-36 (1991)). [ 183 ]. Id. at 2406-07. [ 184 ]. Id. at 2407. [ 185 ]. Id. at 2410. [ 186 ]. Terry, 392 U. S. at 2. [ 187 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 188 ]. Brendlin, 551 U. S. at 262. [ 189 ]. Johnson, 170 P. 3d at 671. [ 190 ]. Id. [ 191 ]. Id. at 672. [ 192 ]. Id. [ 193 ]. Id. at 673. [ 194 ]. Id. [ 195 ]. Id. at 674. [ 196 ]. Id. at 674 (Espinosa, J. , dissenting). [ 197 ]. Id. [ 198 ]. Id. (quoting State v Riley, 992 P. 2d 1135, 1140 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1999)). [ 199 ]. Id.