Outline the principal sources of authority available to US presidents Essay

The prexy is by disposition the focus of US politics. Media reporting willing of tendency perpetually focus on the death chair. The mooring is undoubtedly the close markerifi shadowert in world politics and the chairwoman of the linked States is commonly recognised as the to the highest degree spotful mortal in the world. In addition to this, executive director organisation is organised in a pyramidal fashion towards the oval office and within the executive the chairperson is a dominant figure. However, form this brief expla dry land of the Presidency the straight complications that it is marked by are unclear. The chairwoman is in a locate where negotiation and compromise are necessities.A professorship that contrives authorities bet is unmatchable that has a program and uses his resources to get it enacted. A good death chair is an activist he sets the agenda, is attentive to the progress organism made, and willingly accepts debt instrument for what hap pens. However, the President must also accept that early(a)s break resources and function and comprise this into his actions and decisions. The United States has a separated, non a presidential system and no one least of all presidents suffer be en deposited with excessive post.The received nature of the Presidency and the powers endowed to the occupant of the White House is really a divide to a greater extent complicated than it appears on the surface. It may see that the now elective president who holds such a strong position and image in world politics is ensured a smooth modulation to achieving the policies they want to. However, whilst a lot of the resources of power expected to be possess by someone of such a high global stand up are enjoyed by the the Statesn President, at that place are constraints to which a prosperous election guarantees governmental dominance.Presidents learn many refrains on the job, if they dont k straight off already. Bill Clinton lea rned the seriousies of split party control by having to battle Republican majorities in sexual intercourse. George W Bush had witnessed firsthand his causes problems of governing with a Democratic congress. He also learnt round the limitations of executive power on the job as governor of Texas.thither is never a guarantee that election by a long margin ensures a powerful president by dint ofout his term in office. Likewise, having high public approval ratings doesnt necessarily ensure a free rein for the President. Johnson remarked how winning power doesnt guarantee a President with executive power. He has to establish what is the right to govern by inspiring confidence on the people and ful selection the leadership percentages expected. Every president has to develop a moral underpinning to his power and assert a tendency and authority on the President, or he soon discovers that he has no power at all.Obviously, public and media focus is always on the President and as a re sult, expectations of a President often far overhaul the individuals personal, policy- devising, institutional or institutional capacities. Focusing besides much on the Presidency can lead to a gravely distorted picture of how national government works. The resources and authority of the president, although large, are not as clear cut as it initially seems.To begin with, a Presidents consanguinity with congress is openly essential to him physical exertion a strong level of power. However, the presidents semi policy-making spot and strategical positioning does not end with the state of congress. The public indication of strength associated with the election results, the exact number of seats possessed by the Presidents party in twain the Senate and the House of Representatives, midterm exam exam election results, the nature of public and media opinion and the contentiousness of the issues all advert the strategic behaviour of the President.The importance of change and the dynamic nature of American politics cannot be overlooked. Even a President who commands government on the back of a convincing election and high public ratings have been unable to protect their apparent legitimacy against changing conditions. For example, President Nixon present that even though he had been mandated, misuse of his position and resources caused his downfall. Public trust is a huge resource of presidential authority and something that cannot afford to be jeopardised.I believe the authority of the president can be unkept down into two sections. He has the strategic capacity to set the nations semipolitical agenda, predominantly by using the powers endowed to him by the constitution. He also has the tactical capacity to negotiate and bargain with other political instruments in give to win over both congress and public opinion, two crucial groups to keep satisfied in order to properly implement his policy agenda. There is then a subset of factors that work on the extent to which the president can carry out the above activities. These influences make up the presidents resources of power and how they are used will determine how powerful and dominant he can become.There is no doubt that the largest resource of authority operable to the president is the constitution. It is certainly the most cardinal area to consider when analysing the authority of the president. Article 2 of the constitution demonstrates why the position of the American president is so huge. The explicit grants and limitations of power awarded to the president in this article of the constitution are the understructure on which the contemporary American president is built.Executive power of the federal government is vested in the president. He has the power to appoint ambassadors, members of the cabinet, Justices of the autocratic Court and decide of lower federal courts, with the advice and consent of the senate. He can propose legislative measures and veto bills emerg ing from congress. In terms of the armed forces and foreign policy, the president in America is similar to that in France in the sense that he regards this as his reserved domain.The above clauses thitherfore make up the basis of the presidents power. However, it is clear from this that whilst it obviously makes the president the primary actor in the American political system, there is room for manoeuvre and this only cannot give us all the information we need in acquisition about the presidents resources of authority. The fact that there is a lot of gaps to be filled in article 2 of the constitution imply that the position of power in the American political system is of a dynamic nature. A lot of the presidents other resources of power outside of the fringe benefit powers endowed by the constitution are circumstantial and possess the authority to change at any moment.Presidents will claim that there are some powers endowed to them that are inherent in the constitution that are not explicitly stated. These are interpreted by different presidents in different ways. This seems to be interpreted from the statutory delegation of power by congress to the presidency. The best example of this is Lincoln declaring martial law during the civilized war under emergency powers. The constitutions generality and equivocalness requires gaps to be filled so various presidents can put forward to this equivocalness in asserting that they possess extemporary constitutional provisions.However, this process of filling gaps is untidy, intellectually inconsistent and highly contentious. Not confined to the judicial disunite of government, it incorporates the executive, congress, interest groups and public opinion. Therefore, presidents have to develop other resources of authority available to them in order for them to be able to abuse the apparent unwritten elements of the constitution. Whilst the principle of inherent powers of the president possessed in the constitution is now accepted by the majority, then extent to which they exist remains a matter of dispute.The media is a huge resource for the president. The media have over the course of the 20th century changed the nature of the presidency through the introduction of both radio and television. The media has been enhanced as a evidentiary source of strategic leadership in an otherwise fragmented political system. Media attention naturally focuses on the White House and that doesnt show any sign of changing. The Oval Office is where the prestige of American politics lies. Therefore, the president is showcased through a proportion of the media as the only epoch-making part of the political system. This in general acts to strengthen the presidents political authority and journalists are generally treated well by the president in order to guarantee this strengthening. However, inherent in this action is an acceptance that the media always have been and are now more than ever a bane to presidents.T he legitimacy received by the president through being directly elected and no one in the American system being mandated in the same way is a great resource for the president. The elected part of the executive branch of American system is singular, not collective, and the president is in consequence, a prominent national figure his constituency is his nation and he therefore enjoys a singular electoral legitimacy. Both sex act and the Supreme Court are institutions with multiple memberships whereas the presidency is a strictly one member group. Having no rival in this sense helps the president appeal directly to the heart of the American people and makes them the foremost person in American politics. This is essentially the American presidents greatest political asset.Political readiness is certainly an important factor in the success that presidents have in asserting leadership. Lyndon B Johnson was able to exert more authority than he was constitutionally defined to do so becaus e he had particularly good persuasive scientific disciplines. Additionally, Ronald Reagan possessed strong strategic skills that enabled him to pull strings his position hard-hittingly. Presidents can exercise neither strategic nor persuasive leadership by relying upon their limited resources of authority much depends upon the skill with which a president is able to bring political influence and aspect to bear.However, the most important controlling factor of the presidents level of authority is his relationship with other key political actors. He can maintain high standing with the public if his cabinet is appointed moderately and he has a healthy working relationship with congress. Therefore, other political actors are an important resource of the presidents authority.By making clever decisions about who to be in his cabinet, a president can process a number of goals. He can reward significant supporters, as Bush did with his appointment of James Baker as secretarial assist ant of state. In addition to this, he can build support amongst other factions of the country by keeping his cabinet diverse. This tactic can particularly be used to strengthen links with racial groups and women. All new-fashioned presidents have appointed at least one black person and one woman to their cabinet. Finally, cabinet is essential to maintaining a good relationship with congress, the key obstacle at times to presidential authority.It is necessary for a president to be successful that he exercises strategic and tactical leadership of congress. Presidents such as Jimmy Carter who do not reliably give legislative leadership are generally regarded as having failed. It tends to be crucial for a president to be authoritative with congress to fully accomplish his goals and take full advantage of the resources available to him. Taking on the role of foreman legislator is an important aspect of a presidents authority.Maintaining a good relationship with congress tends to brin g together all the important resources available to the president and if carried out effectively culminate becoming the chief legislator and that is effectively when the president is at his most powerful. A presidents political skill and ability to handle other key political actors is exemplified in his relationship with congress. Furthermore, maintaining a higher standard with the public enables him to be more dominant in regard to congress.This is the area where the US executive differs mainly from that of fan tanary systems. The following problem is encountered by the French president as well as the American. Managing congress can be difficult, curiously when the majority party is different to that of the president. Congress loses its degree of significance as a political resource when the party of the president do not enjoy a majority and it becomes a lot more difficult for the president to act as the chief legislator.The president in America does not have the backing of a par ty whose main responsibility is to sustain government. This is significantly different to parliamentary systems where the primary function of parliament is to maintain government. Therefore, parliament in the UK takes on a less significant role in analysing the dynamic nature of institutional power as it tends to stay relatively constant through a term than Congress in the US. This is made even more complicated by midterm elections. However, what is similar in the focal point of the two executives is how crucial political skill and management of relations is. Neither a President nor a primitive Minister is able to overlook relations with key political actors more or less him.In conclusion, the principal sources of presidential authority are like most issues in world politics. They are dynamic and dependent on the nature of the president and the circumstances he finds himself in, he can add to the obvious constitutionally defined roles as president through smooth management of col leagues, congress and public opinion. Whilst the constitution remains the most significant resource, there is a lot of scope for extra authority through effective management of the situation the president is in. This is true of all political systems, whilst there is usually a constitutionally defined role for executive leadership, political skill will determine the extent to which this leadership is implemented.

Cities and urban life Essay

In any developing and developed countries, sensation of the indicators of development is the infrastructure and the growth of cities. Urban culture is the cultural bearing that is associated with the urbanites. Cities all over the world, from the time immemorial have behaviors and cultural elements that go them from otherwise specific comparable rural argonas. In the developed countries, the record urban is solemnly used as a euphemism to describe pane com culture or subsets of racial culture, and this forms a defined groups as a type of urban tribe. on that pointfore, names for cultural artifacts like urban bum music could be seen as a new term for certain(a) class music. It can also refer to the greater availability of cultural resources such as art, theatre, events, etc as compared to suburban or rural areas. decision maker SUMMARY Impacts of urban carriage In summary, the reservoir ventures on the advantages and disadvantages of urban life as compared to rural life. He re, in that location arises a query as to why the rich or the affluent prefer living in major cities. Moreover, the poor are associated with the rural life. Some of the advantages of urban life include availability of basic human needs in varieties.There is cheap and ready means of transport in urban areas as opposed to rural areas. Availabilities of reputable health facilities. In rural areas, unity has to travel miles away to access health facilities, market, higher institution of breeding etc. Contrary to that, some of the weaknesses associated with urban life include congestion due to over population, concurrent crime activities, pollution to water, air and purlieu at large, due to wreck less dumping of refuses, polythene bags and tins. Slums are another menace associated with urban life. In every large city, there must be a slum nearby.Conclusion From other disciplines perspective, the author introduces a disciplinary analyses and contested accounts of tourism and urban cu lture from geographical, historical, sociological, anthropological and economical point of view. Finally, there are some developments in undecided field analyses from urban and planning studies, Cultural and leisure studies, Gender and unmated studies.ReferenceCities and urban life, retrieved on 22sd September 2007, available at www. amazon. com/ Nancy Kleniewski (2004), A Political Economy of Urban Life, retrieved on 22sd September 2007, Longman, U. K

Personal Story

Daniel boarder PDP. 7 E really man and woman is innate(p) into the world to do something unique and something distinctive and if he or she does not do it, It give never be done. Benjamin E Mays. This is the essence of this whole story. The sagaciousness of such a ism eluded me as did it many the great unwashed of my advance at the measure some be not introduced to this concept until they are far into their adulthood. I had been born and showd Into a Christian place with no real father figure for most of my disembodied spirit, although I byword him frequently he was never around ample to really raise me maybe a a few(prenominal) bits and pieces of advice and teachings.The real farming came from my sister find and nan. My m other(a) had a lot of work to do considering she was a lone parent of two and had my Grandmother come live with us from Ni motorcaragua (Central America) a few years prior to my birth and could barely pronounce hello. Because of my mothers yen work hours I didnt see her over overmuch and the Job of a nurturing gentle mother really fell upon my Grandma. Now this doesnt mean my mom didnt cognize me or TLD show It she notwithstanding wasnt as present as my nan was because my grandma didnt work and similarlyk care of me all day.For thirteen years f my life I was sh cause love and care by this Incredible woman. care I said before I grew up in a Christian house hold and my grandmother, mother and sister all had a pretty good understanding and very inclined spirituality so they took it upon themselves to teach me who perfection was and why he was important and so all-important(a) to our eachday lives. I had never questioned what they taught me I just received and didnt designate much of It. I was a typical church building boy, going to church listening to what the teachers In Sunday educate had to say, waking up every morning at eight to get teachy, try to live by hat was taught to me and so forth Etc. It was never real ly hard sightly do as you were told and keep your m outh shut so it piece of tail all be over quicker. Granted I never consciously thought this way but as a child you hunch forward you Just want to live In the moment. As you start to knock over the age where life starts to show its struggles and straightway its not mommy and pappa making the decisions as much for you, you begin to put forth the things you deplete intentional over the course of you relatively short earthly concern so far.For me that began at intimately 11 or 12 years old. I began to be a little preacher showing there kids who beau ideal was and why he was important just like my family had shown me and considering that I read the bible on my own I had a level of knowledge about the bible, life, history and in general Just overall that most kids didnt possess at my age. In my seventh grade year when I was 12 my grandmother had become very weak. She wasnt the once strong, fun, larger than life grandmother t hat I was used to having around.Although I knew so much I still wanted to preserve the innocence of a child and expect this to be like all the cartoons I had grown up reflection where nothing ever bad truly happened to the good guys and those around him. I visited my grandmother in the hospital on a regular terms and I began to see how real this situation had become in my life. My grandmother showed misery and sadness in her eyes whenever she had to be seen in her moving state, she was skinnier than she had ever been in her life, and was completely drained of the energy she once had.The visits keep for a few months and she had undergone two surgeries. I had now learned what genus Cancer was and what this evil was doing to my grandmother. I was 13 now and one morning during school it hit me that my ornamented wasnt going to exact it I had flashbacks of some of the happiest memories I could pretend of with her. That same day when walking home I saw my sisters, moms, and dads ca r in the front yard and I thought nothing of it. As I walked into the house I noticed solemn, saddened faces. My father sat me work by dint of on my mothers bed and looked me directly in my eyes and told me that my grandmother didnt make it.It didnt takings long for the tears to stream down my face and therefore began wailing frantically as if one of my appendages had been ripped from my body. The news didnt bode healthful and my grades slipped drastically. I was a vessel of grief wearing fake smiles and laughs Just to avoid anyone asking me what was wrong and the images of my grandmother would rush back to consider my mind. It was at this point where I came to question everything I was ever taught about this God my family, friends, and teachers were so fond of. , the product of my families teachings was now shattered left to rebuild myself how I saw fit. I had eternally known what the people around me wanted me to follow or what they wanted me to be and in return I blindly followed what they said. Predestined by birth to satisfy what they anted me to do. I wondered, was everything they told me Just crap? Is there really a God who sent his son to die for me so the inhabitants on this earth could be saved? Do I really want to do what Im doing now? If there is such a God why would he take away my source of love?All these questions and much filled my interrogation and now I would search what I would truly follow and what I would do with myself. I started to do my research on faith and other belief systems. I researched many western eastern belief systems, their history, stories, purposes, etc. Etc. Hopefully ending something that would explain why my grandmother died, what happened to her and why did it have to happen to me now. Nothing was helping if anything it made me angrier and resentful toward these principles gods or god these people impossible to actually fulfill as a human being.My impatience grew and months and months of studying brought no results. My grandma died and there was no positive showing itself from it. After a while it Just seemed as if there was no hope, that crap like this Just happens for no agent and no benefit comes from living life with the fear of this God. Religion end-to-end history only seemed to result in the demise of man and was a tool of destruction used by those in power. After a few more weeks passed by I recalled the many times I would see my grandmother writing notes in her bible and note binds, watching preachings on T.V. And always seeming to enjoy her time this way. To me it seemed strange that it brought so much Joy to my Grandmother to do these things I wondered if it was because she never put together out she was being lied to or that she had seen something I had failed to find. I continued my studies but this time on Christianity. I had taken the time to study it through the historical aspect and the perspectives of many and had concluded that it was a broken philosophy but now I would try a different approach.I took my grandmothers bilingual bible and began to read it and study it this time and use her example of what she did with it. During this time my identity began to take form and the pieces were reassembling to make something new. I learned from the stories and teachings of this book combined with the historical knowledge I had of this bible, I could see how a lot of it made sense. It still didnt get e exactly what I needed but it was a start. I still wondered, why a God who did such wonderful things would bear for me to lose someone so essential in my life.I continued onward and started catching onto a very important theme, the relief from suffering. Soon combined with other themes I had learned in the bible it at long last hit me. I was a ungenerous Jerk who failed to realize what was going on cause I was too busy worrying for myself. This God truly loved my grandmother more than I ever did. She had been suffering for so long with so much pain a nd I still wanted her to be around. I had never Hough that she had gone to heaven to rest and to leave the pain of humanity behind.I found how religion was a manmade tool and that my grandmother had never followed a religion but she followed a God willing to die for her on the cross. valet de chambre and God can never mix and the guy who can promise me whats going on in the world 2000 + years before my existence is the guy I should be following. I had come to grips with why my grandma died when she did. I was old enough to make my own decisions and wise enough to execute to decisions. With all the knowledge I had learned I finally could have a better understanding of those around me and What God wants me to do with those around me.Although my grandma died her love for me did not and it would guide me and show me how to portion the love she demonstrated to me with other people. God never left me, he had his own way to In the end I had made my own identity and now could fulfill my own unique purpose in the world the only thing left was for me to decide to do it. I have chosen to do so and my something unique I was born to do is now coming to fruition. The struggles that come in life always serve a purpose no matter how painful. The choice is yours to allow it to hinder or you or push you forward.

Effect of Vampires on Society

When you strike the word lamia you probably think of nowa long times modernistic charters, from twilight(prenominal) or True Blood. According to the clause Blood Ties, The lamia Loer By Helen T. Bailie, Todays lamias make up give 53% of instantlys hold sells. Vampires in at presents image have become creatures of lust, the dream man of teenage girls either over the cosmos. Before pop gloss took over vampires in stories, were titans of horror. Pre-dating todays pop culture fad, vampires were used to explain things that people didnt understand, something scary and unjazzn. So what has caused only theses changes in vampire stories over quantify?Changing them from fe ard unkn possess demons to every teens heartthrob. To find tabu where the change came from well font at what the original vampires were imagination to be and the legends associated with them/ Then Ill check the archean stories of vampires followed by the examination of stories from todays pop culture. Finalizing where the trade came from. Following up with the impact that the impact that these stories could be having on cabaret today. * * Vampires date bet on to practically the dawn of time. But the vampires that originated were thought to be a type of blood- sucking trunk.The first vampire sightings were by the Slavonic community back during the center field ages according to an article titled Was the vampire of the eighteenth century a unique type of deceased corpse written by G. David Keyworth an article most the early legends of vampires. Vampires were originally thought to be created by all kinds of diverse flairs, manage women that didnt indispensableness to be housewives, or that regarded to do other things rather than cooking, clean and tending to the children were often thought to be under the spell of a powerful vampire.The Slavic people believed that vampires were make from improper interments, organism natural off of wedlock, or that being born on a certain day. While the Romanian people caught onto the vampire trend pronto after the Slavic, Romanians thought vampires were do from women that didnt eat salt during the pregnancy, and even reach being the 7th child in the family of the same gender. The focuss that vampires were made may go out odd to you and I scarcely they were things that in the early days of the spirit ages were considered wrong or different from the norms.Todays cognition helps explains most of the things that were thought to be considered the marking of a vampire to be invalid. For example believed that swelling or discoloration of the system after deaths were signs that the dead soul was going to come back as a vampire. We now exist that the rigor mortis sets in and causes most things post mortem that were thought to be signs of vampirism in the middle ages. * The people of these communities did their best to keep impudently vampires from rising out of the ground.They tried to keep animals from crossing over the graves, ensuring a proper burial and placing a ton of boulders and rocks on the graves to keep the corpse securely in the ground. There has even been pre-staking the person through the heart and consequently staking them into the ground. Try as they may their preventive measures didnt ever so manoeuvre and at that place was distinct evidence for a vampire being around. roughly of these early communities had the same clues that a vampire was running amuck.When livestock disappeared or rancid up dead, blood on the mouth of the body, the body being swelled up holes in the ground, and in whatsoever gaucherie vampires didnt eat the garlic given out during church ceremonies. Killing vampires in the early days was pretty straightforward, drive a steak through its heart, shoot it through the stain or shove garlic into its mouth. From this of course emerged men that could be hire to track down and kill the vampires through out the town, everything from church priest to an actual vampire hunter, what we would now relate to as someone that was like Van Helsing.How easily vampires were killed in the stories of the middle ages arent really explained solely considering the need for vampire hunters, I think it would be safe to enjoin it wasnt easy. Though Romania was were the original vampire stories begun, vampires apparently thrived in England during the middle ages. (Keyworth 243). Most deaths did occur because of being around aging corpses tho largely because of the diseases that they carried. An anonymous monk at Byland Abbey wrote majority of the stories of vampires.The monks and high relgious leaders of these towns came up with these legends because they believed in vampires, but they to a fault used them to control the people of their town. By doing the right thing during life you could prevent yourself from becoming a vampire in the afterlife. So basically the religious leaders played on the venerates of the towns people to kee p them in church and keep them in line. integrity of the more famous stories of this time was of two brothers that fell down dead one day and were buried only to be seen later that dark walking through the own. (Keyworth 245). These stories spread and eventually the whole world was on vampire alert. These stories continued well on into the 1900s eventually demise off slowly as the scientist learned more about humans, the body and how it worked. The first shift in these stories was from the tales of monks to an actual novel written by Bram Stocker. genus Dracula, a story nevertheless talked abut today, Dracula was really the front novel to bring vampires into fiction works.The story of a man that travels to defile property in Transylvania from Count Dracula, realizing shortly after catchting to the rook that he is a prisoner and the Count has supernatural powers. Slowly the jonathans fiances, patron is converted into a vampire, she is sleeping walking and frequently has str ange tag on her neck, Van Helsing is called into help but inevitably fails, the mate and Jonathans wife are both eventually converted. (Spark nones/ count Dracula).Dracula was a vainglorious step he really brought in the fear of the unknown and awards the obsession on youth. Draculas first film in the united States dates back to 1931 where the foreign aspect was centralized on, really making him seem like an outsider, from there the next change in Dracula came about in the 1970s where we were introduced to the genre of vampire stories told by the vampire, allowing the audience to shade his alienation, to almost feel sorry for him and even though he was atrocious to feel an almost compassion for him.The final shift in the Dracula movies came in 1992, where Dracula was cast as a come infatuated monster making him even more human, more relatable but on the downside easier to defeat, making him a ordinary Hollywood character instead of the monster that he began in the late 18 00s After the 1970s rendering of Dracula there was another book that came out that really unploughed the trend going of the relatable vampires.Anne Rices audience with a Vampire, on with having the emotional vampires that were alienated from society, these vampires were fully capable of feelings, something that before the 70s really wasnt thought of, her vampires feel guilty, they have fears, hopes dreams and of course inexhaustible sadness. During this time is similarly when gender roles really started to be challenged, vampires could now be women. Sometimes the most powerful vampires were in fact women.Women not performing victim but being the same as their male replica snap offs took a big shift in most of the vampire novels and stories. The seventies were really a time of change for the vampire stories. The Vampires that were introduced in Interview with a Vampire brought the first real sense of familiarity, it had been in stories before but it wasnt mainstream, but erot ic sexuality among the vampires and their victims that of course were usually women became a colossal part of these stories and the ones that would come after.But it also introduced homoeroticism, something that was completely taboo, and put a new hot flare into the vampire scene. Sexuality continued to be played up in chase books and stories from the subtle cues in Interview with a Vampire to the monsterized aggressive womanly sexuality to the lesbian vampires f of Great Britains Hammer studio (Weinstock 4) from this to the BDSM and polygamy of the Anita Blake series. Sex both same and different sex became a huge part of the vampires identity in todays pop culture all starting here.If the monks that wrote the horror stories of what they thought were real vampires during the middle ages comprehend the stories of today, they would probably start flinging holy water while laughing at what society had come to think of the monsters that had plagued their cites. Vampires, which sta rted out as a way to control the city, keep people in line, and to explain the unexplainable. Now you look at Vampires like Edward Cullen, Bill Compton or Stefan and Damon Salvatore, even Selene, which are all vampires and major heart throbs of today.Everywhere you put out there seems to be another vampire coming out and a huge teenage fan menage to follow. The vampires in all of these stories bring a different light to the handed-down vampire story, the most famous and noticeable being the vampires of Twilight that luster in the sunlight instead of bursting into flames. The characters in these stories are all part of what is described as the emotional vampire, An emotional vampire is defined is a vampire that has turned from his monster tendencies and has started trying to follow human ethics and are fighting the struggle. Unknown par 36). This new generation of vampires was created by women for women, according to the article Fearless Vampire Kissers about the vampires in tod ays most popular books and shows, by Bernard Beck. Beck goes on to explain that vampire movies have more or less becomes chick flicks. In the article Vampires, Vampires Everywhere Jeffery Andrew Weinstock explains the main principles of todays vampire stories, the first being that they are always about sex, vampires represent a tabooed sexuality, simply vampires are naughty.Another part of vampire stories is that vampires themselves are more interesting than the humans that debate them, some how even though they are the undead vampires are more brisk than the humans that are around them. Vampires are imperial, selfish, domineering and intensely physical, lurking under the human facade is pure animalistic heftiness (Weinstock 4). Its this energy that usually draws the reader to the vampire of the story.The third main part of any vampire story is that the vampire comes back, weather its because the vampire dies by mail service through the heart or the vampire leaving on his own a ccord for the safety of the humans around them, they always come back, they fruit because the humans refuse to let them die, refusing to let go. Some stories use glamour to get them back from the dead, or in twilight Bella simply jumps off a cliff to get her vampires to come back, I wouldnt always root for the attempted suicide path, it may not be as topicive and have some bad consequences.One of the last pieces of the vampire bunk is that the vampires are always considered outsiders, or other. Different articles have different theories on what vampires may represent as outsiders weather its coming out of the coffin being like coming out of the closet, so the vampires represent the fear of homosexuality in our society or weather it represents persist or even weather its a representation of how we merely cant seem to escape the gender roles that have been in place for thousands of years.The simple fact is that the vampire is an outsider in the community that it is in. perchanc e this to is part of the allure that draws the females of this generation into these stories, that they are outsiders and the maternal instinct to make believe care of all things make the female in the stories feel much(prenominal) sympathy in the book, or story that they are in. But how did we get from aim A the terrifying animated corpses to point B of the glisten lover vampire? The answer is really pretty simple Vampires are a malleable monster that have become what society has made them.As a society we no longer fear what the people of the middle ages feared, because we have cleared things up through science and technological advances, and our higher(prenominal)(prenominal) reasoning that vampires dont actually exist, so we have turned them more or less into fairy tale creatures. Making them as cute and cuddly as a teddy bear in most cases. These stories focus on love that is worth dying for because today most people have a deep inner fear of never finding that kind of love. Paired with this is the fear of acquiring old or at least looking like you are getting old, the vampires stories in pop culture coddle those fears.The article Meme of the Year amiable the Undead states that Vampires are the most relatable among the sci-fi, fiction and fantasy characters. Also most vampires in pop culture are wealthy and devastatingly handsome which plays off two things that have become very important in todays society, money and respectable looks will get you pretty much anywhere, sever up and news magazine and this will be confirmed. The worlds in Twilight and True Blood are centered around mystery and deception, love and sex, (Unknown2, par 2) The reason that the vampire stories have shifted so much over the course of history is because humans themselves have changed.Vampires have evolved into what humans ask them to be, because they can easily look human and attempt to mesh into our world it brings us to these characters that are full of mysterious and speak to the side in most women that want a bad boy thats good to them. The books of Twilight, True Blood and Vampire Diaries are flying off the shelves at bookstores and keeping an insane amount of viewers for their movies, or shows.Adults and teenagers both flocking to these new emotional vampires, now a large part of this is no doubtfulness because of the looks of the men and women cast in these stories. But the shift in vampire stories has left a genre that doesnt have women in their typical role in the kitchen or doing female dominated jobs. But the Females in these stories are falling for the male leads in almost an unhealthy way becoming pretty much dependent on the men in their lives to keep them emotionally stable.It makes you wonder how this could be psychologically affecting the minds of tweens and teens that are obsessed with these stories. The main offender of this is the book and movie phenomenon Twilight, and the perfect mate Edward Cullen. Though there arent enough studi es to show the exact exercise that literature and movies have on the brain, scientist do know that they have and effect on the mind according to the journal A Boy chum to Die For by Debra Merskin about Edward Cullen being a compensate psychopath.The point of her article is to prove that Edward Cullen is a compensated psychopath (CP). A compensated psychopath is someone that in innately psychopathic and on the higher end of it but has learned to function in society. In the book Bella becomes completely dependent on Edward willing to almost kill herself to salutary hear a hallucination, and is willing to give up humanity right to be with him.Edward is controlling and manipulating of Bella, doing what he thinks is best for her to stay safe but usually ripe hurting her more in the process. Edward tells her who she can be friends with and when she can hang out with them. He tries to keep her from her best friend because he doesnt approve. Edward also twist the truth when he speaks to Bella notice her only what she needs to know and leaving the rest out, often not even bothering to tell her whats going on at all and Bella just keeps following him.Edward has so many of the traits in a classic case of compensated psychopath, he doesnt have a real since of morality, psychopaths also dont have the ability to feel real love, though Edward says he loves Bella the only thing pouring through the novel is the sexual tension, Edward realizes that the instant gratification of drinking Bellas blood would kill her and there would be nothing left for him to gain, this is stereotypical for CP, finding that you have to sojourn for your prey. (Merskin 155)All in all, Edward could be a great man for Bella but he has so many of the traits the psychiatrist would relate to having CP that its a petty(a) hard to imagine. The Vampire is the bad boy of the paranormal world (Merskin 152) but having teenagers who are still growing and finding themselves subjected to creature that is supposed to be perfect yet exhibits these behaviors is emotionally damaging because these girls project and in turn want to find someone like their fiction character crush. In conclusion vampires are the monsters we make them.Society changes the image of the vampire due to what they need, they want and what their true fears are. Vampires started out with monstrous legends and those that were sworn to see them all dead. Vampires in Slavic times were just control elements and explanations of what at the time could not be explained, monsters that stalked the innocent women. Bram Stokers Dracula and Anne Rices Interview with a Vampire were the next big jumps during the 70s ever-changing them to the beginning of the emotional vampire and introducing the pure naughtiness and sexual aspect, also making them relatable to the public by giving them emotions, hopes and desires.Finally come to todays pop culture, written by women for women, the irresistible bad boys of todays fiction world, a c omplete turn around, from ugly disgusting still live corpses to the sparkly vampires that teens and adults around the world have come to know and love. Is this love safe? No most likely not, but well just have to see what shift the vampire world makes next, hopefully back in the direction of monster.

Industrial Policy

INDUSTRIAL constitution SINCE 1956 When India achieved Indep subvertence in 1947, the national consensus was in favour of rapid industrial enterprise of the economy which was seen non entirely as the notice to economic reading notwithstanding also to economic sovereignty. In the subsequent years, Indias industrial constitution evolved through ensuant industrial polity soundnesss and Industrial form _or_ system of political relation instructions. detail priorities for industrial evolution were also primed(p) down in the successive louvre Year Plans.Building on the so-called Bombay Plan1 in the pre-Independence era, the first Industrial insurance Resolution announced in 1948 laid down broad contours of the strategy of industrial schooling. At that time the nature of India had not taken final shape nor was the Planning Commission constituted. Moreover, the unavoidable legal textile was also not put in place. non surprisingly on that pointfore, the Resolution was some(prenominal)(prenominal)what broad in its scope and purportion. Yet, an serious distinction was made among industries to be unploughed under(a) the exclusive egotism-com macrocosmd of regimen, i. e. the unexclusive welkin, those reserved for private sphere and the joint empyrean. Subsequently, the Indian formation was adopted in January 1950, the Planning Commission was constituted in manifest 1950 and the Industrial (De rack uptment and Regulation) feign (IDR act upon) was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the administration to take unavoidable steps to regulate the pattern of industrial development through licensing. This paved the path for the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which was the first comprehensive fiscal account on the strategy for industrial development in India.Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 was shaped by the Mahalanobis Model of growth, which suggested that violence on danger ous industries would lead the economy towards a foresightful marches in high spiritser growth path. The Resolution widened the scope of the populace sector. The objective was to bucket along 1 Bombay Plan adjustd by leading Indian industrialists in 1944-45 had recommended government support for industrialization, including a manoeuvre section in the outturn of crown goods. economic growth and boost the process of industrialization as a means to achieving a socialistic pattern of society. Given the just now capital and inadequate entrepreneurial tie-up, the Resolution accorded a predominant role to the State to assume direct responsibility for industrial development. All industries of primary and strategic spell outance and those in the nature of public utility run besides those requiring giving ordered series enthronisation funds were reserved for the public sector.The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 classified industries into three categories. The first home c omprised 17 industries (include in Schedule A of the Resolution) exclusively under the domain of the Government. These include inter alia, railways, air transport, arms and amm social unition, iron and steel and atomic energy. The back up category comprised 12 industries (included in Schedule B of the Resolution), which were envisaged to be to a greater extent and more State owned but private sector was expected to attachment the efforts of the State.The third category contained all the remaining industries and it was expected that private sector would initiate development of these industries but they would remain open for the State as well. It was envisaged that the State would facilitate and support development of these industries in the private sector, in accordance with the programmes formulated under the Five Year Plans, by inhibit fiscal measures and ensuring adequate infrastructure. Despite the demarcation of industries into separate categories, the Resolution was compro mising enough to allow the required adjustments and modifications in the national interest.Another objective recite out in the Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 was the removal of regional disparities through development of regions with low industrial base. Accordingly, adequate infrastructure for industrial development of such regions was duly emphasized. Given the potential to provide large- outdo employment, the Resolution reiterated the Governments determination to provide all sorts of financial aid to weensy and cottage industries for wider dispersal of the industrial base and more imp trickial distribution of income.The Resolution, in fact, reflected the prevalent value system of India in the proto(prenominal) 1950s, which was centimeered around self sufficiency in industrial 3 proceeds. The Industrial Policy Resolution 1956 was a landmark insurance constitution statement and it formed the basis of subsequent policy announcements. Industrial Policy Measures in the 1960s and 1970s Monopolies doubt Commission (MIC) was set up in 1964 to review various aspects pertaining to concentration of economic power and operations of industrial licensing under the IDR Act, 1951.While emphasizing that the planned economy contributed to the growth of industry, the Report by MIC concluded that the industrial licensing system enabled big business houses to obtain disproportionately large sh atomic number 18 of licenses which had led to pre-emption and foreclosure of competency. Subsequently, the Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry mission (Dutt Committee), constituted in 1967, recommended that larger industrial houses should be addicted licenses only for compass up industry in core and enceinte enthronization sectors, thereby necessitating reorientation of industrial licensing policy.In 1969, the monopolies and restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was introduced to enable the Government to effectively control concentration of economic power. The Dutt Committee had defined large business houses as those with assets of more than Rs. 350 one one thousand thousand million million. The MRTP Act, 1969 defined large business houses as those with assets of Rs. 200 million and above. Large industries were designated as MRTP companies and were entitled to participate in industries that were not reserved for the Government or the dinky musical plateful sector.The unexampled Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970 classified industries into four categories. kickoff category, termed as Core Sector, consisted of primary, critical and strategic industries. Second category termed as Heavy Investment Sector, comprised projects involving investing of more than Rs. 50 million. The third category, the Middle Sector consisted of projects with investing in the range of Rs. 10 million to Rs. 50 million. The fourth category was Delicensed Sector, in which investment was less than Rs. 0 million and was exempted from licensing requirements. The in dustrial licensing policy of 1970 4 restrain the role of large business houses and foreign companies to the core, heavy and export orient sectors. The Industrial Policy Statement 1973 With a view to prevent riotous concentration of industrial activity in the large industrial houses, this Statement gave preference to teeny-weeny and medium entrepreneurs over the large houses and foreign companies in setting up of new-sprung(prenominal) capacity particularly in the production of mass consumption goods.New undertakings of up to Rs. 10 million by way of fixed assets were exempted from licensing requirements for substantial expansion of assets. This exemption was not allowed to MRTP companies, foreign companies and quick licensed or registered undertakings having fixed assets of Rs. 50 million and above. The Industrial Policy Statement -1977 This Statement emphasized decentralization of industrial sector with change magnitude role for small scale, piddling and cottage industries . It also provided for close interaction between industrial and agricultural sectors.Highest priority was accorded to power generation and transmission. It grow the list of items reserved for exclusive production in the small scale sector from 180 to more than 500. For the first time, within the small scale sector, a tiny unit was defined as a unit with investment in machinery and equipment up to Rs. 0. 1 million and situated in towns or villages with a population of less than 50,000 (as per 1971 census). Basic goods, capital goods, high applied science industries important for development of small scale and agriculture sectors were clearly delineated for large scale sector.It was also stated that foreign companies that thin their foreign equity up to 40 per cent under strange Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 were to be treated at par with the Indian companies. The Policy Statement of 1977 also issued a list of industries where no foreign collaboration of financial or te chnical nature was allowed as indigenous engine room was already available. Fully owned foreign companies were allowed only in highly export oriented sectors or sophisticated technology argonas. For all approved foreign investments, companies were completely free to repatriate capital and remit profits, dividends, royalties, etc. Further, in order to realize balanced regional development, it was decided not to issue fresh licenses for setting up new industrial units within certain limits of large metropolitan cities (more than 1 million population) and urban areas (more than 0. 5 million population). Industrial Policy Statement -1980 The industrial Policy Statement of 1980 placed accent on promotion of rival in the domestic market, technological upgradatrion and modernization of industries.Some of the socio-economic objectives spelt out in the Statement were i) optimum utilisation of installed capacity, ii) high productivity, iii) higher employment levels, iv) removal of regio nal disparities, v) strengthening of agricultural base, vi) promotion of export oriented industries and vi) consumer protective covering against high prices and poor quality. Policy measures were announced to revive the efficiency of public sector undertakings (PSUs) by developing the management cadres in functional handle viz. operations, finance, marketing and information system. An automatic expansion of capacity up to five per cent per annum was allowed, particularly in the core sector and in industries with long-term export potential. special(a) incentives were granted to industrial units which were engaged in industrial processes and technologies aiming at optimum utilization of energy and the exploitation of alternate(a) sources of energy. In order to boost the development of small scale industries, the investment limit was raised to Rs. 2 million in small scale units and Rs. . 5 million in ancillary units. In the case of tiny units, investment limit was raised to Rs. 0. 2 million. Industrial Policy Measures during the eighties Policy measures initiated in the first three decades since Independence facilitated the establishment of basic industries and pulping up of a broadbased infrastructure in the country. The Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1900), recognized the indispensableness for consolidation of these strengths and initiating policy measures to prepare the Indian industry to respond effectively to emergent challenges. A come up of measures were initiated towards technological and managerial modernization to improve productivity, quality and to reduce make up of production. The public sector was freed from a number of constraints and was provided with greater autonomy. There was whatever progress in the process of deregulation during the 1980s. In 1988, all industries, excepting 26 industries specified in the negative list, were exempted from licensing. The exemption was, however, subject to investment and locational limitations.The self-p ropelled industry, cement, cotton spinning, food processing and polyester filament yarn industries witnessed modernization and flip ones wig scales of production during the 1980s. With a view to promote industrialization of backward areas in the country, the Government of India announced in June, 1988 the fruit Centre Scheme under which 71 Growth Centers were proposed to be set up throughout the country. Growth centers were to be endowed with basic infrastructure facilities such as power, water, telecommunications and banking to enable them to attract industries.Industrial Policy Statement- 1991 The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 stated that the Government will continue to pursue a sound policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship, development of indigenous technology through investment in re search and development, bringing in new technology, dismantling of the restrictive system, development of the capital markets and increased competitiveness for the b enefit of common man.It further added that the spread of industrialization to backward areas of the country will be actively promoted through appropriate incentives, institutions and infrastructure investments. The objective of the Industrial Policy Statement 1991 was to maintain sustained growth in productivity, enhance compensable employment and achieve optimal utilization of human resources, to attain outside(a) competitiveness, and to transform India into a major partner and player in the world(prenominal) arena. Quite clearly, the charge of the policy was to unshackle the Indian industry from bureaucratic controls. This called for a number of far-reaching reforms A substantial modification of Industry Licencing Policy was deemed inevitable with a view to ease restraints on capacity creation, respond to emerging domestic and global opportunities by improving productivity. Accordingly, the Policy Statement included abolition of industrial licensing for most industries, ba rring a handful of industries for reasons of credential and trategic concerns, social and environmental issues. Compulsory licencing was required only in think of of 18 industries. These included, inter alia, coal and lignite, distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks, cigars and cigarettes, drugs and pharmaceuticals, flannel goods, hazardous chemicals. The small scale sector continued to be reserved. Norms for setting up industries (except for industries subject to compulsory licensing) in cities with more than one million population were further liberalised. Recognising the complementarily of domestic and foreign investment, foreign direct investment was accorded a significant role in policy announcements of 1991. Foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 51 per cent foreign equity in high priority industries requiring large investments and advanced technology was yieldted. Foreign equity up to 51 per cent was also allowed in trading companies primarily engaged in export activi ties. These important initiatives were expected to provide a boost to investment besides enabling ingress to high technology and marketing expertise of foreign companies. With a view to inject technological dynamism in the Indian industry, the Government provided automatic approval for technological agreements related to high priority industries and eased procedures for hiring of foreign technical expertise. major initiatives towards restructuring of public sector units (PSUs) were initiated, in view of their low productivity, over staffing, want of technological upgradation and low rate of return. In order to raise resources and ensure wider public participation PSUs, it was decided to offer its shareholding stake to mutual funds, financial institutions, general public and workers. Similarly, in order to revive and rehabilitate inveterate sick PSUs, it was decided to refer them to the Board for Industrial and Financial reconstruction (BIFR). The Policy also provided for greate r managerial autonomy to the Boards of PSUs. The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 recognized that the Governments intervention in investment decisions of large companies through MRTP Act had proved to be deleterious for industrial growth.Accordingly, pre-entry scrutiny of investment decisions of MRTP companies was abolished. The thrust of policy was more on supreme unfair and restrictive trade practices. The provisions restricting mergers, amalgamations and takeovers were also repealed. Industrial Policy Measures Since 1991 Since 1991, industrial policy measures and procedural simplifications put on been reviewed on an on-going basis. Presently, there are only six industries which require compulsory licensing. Similarly, there are only three industries reserved for the public sector.Some of important policy measures initiated since 1991 are set out below Since 1991, promotion of foreign direct investment has been an integral part of Indias economic policy. The Government has ensured a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without whatever limit on the extent of foreign ownership. FDI up to coke per cent has also been allowed under automatic route for most manufacturing activities in Special sparing Zones (SEZs).More recently, in 2004, the FDI limits were raised in the private banking sector (up to 74 per cent), oil exploration (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product marketing (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product pipelines (up to 100 per cent), natural gas and LNG pipelines (up to 100 per cent) and picture of scientific and technical magazines, periodicals and journals (up to 100 per cent). In 9 February 2005, the FDI ceiling in telecom sector in certain services was increased from 49 per cent to 74 per cent. Reservation of items of manufacture exclusively in the small scale sector has been an important tenet of industrial policy. Realizing the increased import competition with the removal of quantitative restrictions since April 2001, the Government has adopted a policy of dereservation and has pruned the list of items reserved for SSI sector gradually from 821 items as at end March 1999 to 506 items as on April 6, 2005. Further, the Union Budget 2005-06 has proposed to dereserve 108 items which were identified by Ministry of Small Scale Industries.The investment limit in plant and machinery of small scale units has been raised by the Government from time to time. To enable some of the small scale units to achieve required economies of scale, a differential investment limit has been adopted for them since October 2001. Presently, there are 41 reserved items which are allowed investment limit up to Rs. 50 million instead of bow limit of Rs. 10 million applicable for other small scale units. Equity participation up to 24 per cent of the total shareholding in small scale units by other industrial undertakings has been llowed. The objective in that has been to enable the small sector to access the capital market and encourage modernization, technological upgradation, ancillarisation, sub-contracting, etc. Under the framework provided by the Competition Act 2002, the Competition Commission of India was set up in 2003 so as to prevent practices having adverse impact on competition in markets. In an effort to mitigate regional imbalances, the Government announced a new join-East Industrial Policy in December 1997 for promoting industrialization in the North-easterly region.This policy is applicable for the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The Policy has provided various concessions to industrial units in the North Eastern Region, e. g. , 10 development of industrial infrastructure, subsidies under various schemes, delete and income-tax exemption for a period of 10 years, etc. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. has been designated as the nodal disbu rsing agency under the Scheme. The focus of disinvestment process of PSUs has shifted from sale of minority stakes to strategic sales.Up to December 2004, PSUs have been divested to an extent of Rs. 478 billion. Apart from general policy measures, some industry particularised measures have also been initiated. For instance, Electricity Act 2003 has been enacted which envisaged to delicense power generation and permit captive power plants. It is also intended to facilitate private sector participation in transmission sector and provide open access to grid sector. Various policy measures have facilitated increased private sector participation in key infrastructure sectors such as, telecommunication, roads and ports.Foreign equity participation up to 100 per cent has been allowed in construction and keep of roads and bridges. MRTP provisions have been relaxed to encourage private sector pay by large firms in the highway sector. Evidently, in the process of developing of industria l policy in India, the Governments intervention has been extensive. unalike umpteen East Asian countries which used the State intervention to build strong private sector industries, India opted for the State control over key industries in the initial phase of development. In order to promote these industries theGovernment not only levied high tariffs and imposed import restrictions, but also subsidize the nationalized firms, directed investment funds to them, and controlled both land use and many prices. In India, there has been a consensus for long on the role of government in providing infrastructure and maintaining stable macroeconomic policies. However, the path to be act toward industrial development has evolved over time. The form of government intervention in the development strategy needs to be chosen from the two alternatives Outward-looking development 1 policies encourage not only free trade but also the free movement of capital, workers and enterprises. By contrast, i nward-looking development policies stress the need for ones own style of development. India initially adopted the last mentioned strategy. The advocates of import substitution in India believed that we should substitute imports with domestic production of both consumer goods and sophisticated manufactured items while ensuring imposition of high tariffs and quotas on imports.In the long run, these advocates cite the benefits of greater domestic industrial diversification and the ultimate capability to export previously protected manufactured goods, as economies of scale, low fag out costs, and the positive externalities of learning by doing cause domestic prices to become more competitive than world prices. However, pursuit of such a policy laboured the Indian industry to have low and inferior technology. It did not uncover the industry to the rigours of competition and therefore it resulted in low efficiency.The inferior technology and inefficient production practices coupled w ith focus on traditional sectors clotted further expansion of the India industry and thereby limited its ability to expand employment opportunities. Considering these inadequacies, the reforms currently underway aim at infusing the state of the art technology, increasing domestic and external competition and diversification of the industrial base so that it can expand and create additional employment opportunities. In retrospect, the Industrial Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956 reflected the desire of the Indian State to achieve self sufficiency in industrial production.Huge investments by the State in heavy industries were designed to put the Indian industry on a higher long-term growth trajectory. With limited availability of foreign exchange, the effort of the Government was to encourage domestic production. This basic strategy guided industrialization until the mid-1980s. bowl the onset of reform process in 1991, industrial licensing played a crucial role in channeling invest ments, controlling entry and expansion of capacity in the Indian industrial sector. As such industrialization occurred in a protected environment, which led to various distortions.Tariffs and quantitative controls largely kept foreign competition out of the domestic 12 market, and most Indian manufacturers looked on exports only as a residual possibility. Little concern was paid to ensure product quality, undertaking R for technological development and achieving economies of scale. The industrial policy announced in 1991, however, substantially dispensed with industrial licensing and facilitated foreign investment and technology transfers, and threw open the areas hitherto reserved for the public sector.The policy focus in the recent years has been on relieve the Indian industry, enabling industrial restructuring, allowing the industry freedom and flexibility in responding to market forces and providing a business environment that facilitates and fosters overall industrial growth. The futurity growth of the Indian industry as widely believed, is crucially helpless upon improving the overall productivity of the manufacturing sector, rationalisation of the duty structure, technological upgradation, the search for export markets through promotional efforts and trade agreements and creating an enabling legal environment.Bibliography 1. Ahluwalia, I. J. productiveness and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, Oxford University Press, Delhi , 1991. 2. Government of India Annual Report 2003-04, Ministry of art and Industry. New Delhi. 3. Government of India Handbook of Industrial Policy and Statistics (Various Issues), Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 4. Government of India Economic Survey 2004-05, Ministry of Finance. New Delhi

African American History: A Close Up on Baptist Churches Essay

As you reckon through the door on the archetypal level of this San Francisco-based Baptist-rooted perform, you become overwhelmed by the warm hug and kiss of Sister Whats-her-name? as she bold and amicable greets you, Good morning God bless you Walking up the stairs heading into the Worship Center, Brother and Sister So and so in a heartfelt way embrace you, just as an aunt or uncle would at a family function. In an instant, you are drawn in by the harmonious tattle of the choir over the upbeat sounds of musicians playing the drums, keyboard, guitars, organ and tambourines.As you estimate almost, you may not recognize everybody, but you sense a sinewy family-like bondage.Although the love of Christ is entirely-inclusive to any and everyone, this non-exclusive church is pre governingly African American in population. Thither is a noticeably implied bond which considerms to be more than genuine, the more melanin you contain.This trem canously impacts individuals within the c ongregational community. Why is it that the nearly segregated hour in America bides to be 1100am sunlight morning? Research directs us towards clues on how church origins and U.S. history has and electrostatic is heavily influencing African Americans in the Modern church build of today.In mob P. Eckmans Exploring Church History he writes about the lay outation of the church starting with the Apostolic Age, which began around 30 B.C. and immediately followed the death of de representryman Christ in the first century, through the modern church of the twenty-first century.Reviewing the timeline from the Apostolic Age (1st century) to the Church Fathers (95-300s), onto Ancient Church and Theology (4th century), chase the Medieval Church (400-1500s), through the Re makeup period and Catholic Church (16th century), to the Scientific Revolution (1600-1700s) onto the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, we discover that many an(prenominal) events influenced the building and fo rming of the black church in America.Tracing these events we can see a thread of the Christian Church trailing through European countries for several(prenominal) hundreds of days. In the latter of events above, we learn that Europeans began enslaving Africans and started to migrate over to a undercoat that we now know as America. During the rebelmental period of the first African American Churches in the 1700-1800s striverry was very prevalent in the join States.Henry H. Mitchell, author of colour Church Beginnings, predisposes how though enslaved Africans had their own religious traditions and practices, there were some overlooked factors that contributed to their fascination in Christianity which soon took route in the African American Society. He goes on to state that the normal West African town was a community of faith.The tribesmen generally put on that if they lost a war to another tribe or nation, the deity of the triumphant party ought to be included in their belief s since the conquerors god was unshakable enough to grant them victory (Mitchell, varlet 33). He discusses how they found expectedness mingled with their expressive African culture and the unheard of, free expressiveness for whites in their churches.The Africans became more and more interested as they began interpreting the Bible for themselves and found parallels in traditional African religion. They were able to relate to the Old volition stories like the enslavement of Hebrews by the Egyptians and saw anticipate in Moses and Jesus as mighty deliverers.The above mentioned were significant factors which ultimately led to African slaves placing their hope in the white mans God and BibleThe Black church in America had its origins in the slave religion of the American South. Deprived of their identity, oppressed by their know, and unable to establish their own institutions, many slaves turned to Christianity. Faith in Jesus Christ gave them hope for the next when His justice wo uld right the wrongs done to them. (Eckman, page 98)Near the dawning of the system of the original black churches in the 18th century, some slave masters allowed or even required slaves to attend church services with them. Others allowed monitored the adore services, however, they were plagued with fears of possible rebellion. Mitchell describes contrasts among liberal and oppressive slave masters. Some oppressive masters withheld experience of Christianity from slaves and beat or even killed those who began to worship God devotedly (Mitchell, page 33).Many, if not all, plantations held stealthy worship services in the woods, swamps or brushes. L. Maffly-Kipp describes, in her article African American Religion in the Beginning, how the slaves use symbolism that was not detectible by their captors. Its as though Africans began to develop a secret society and reactively initiated exclusive churches.The underground services of worship were labeled as the Invisible Institution since they were invisibly held to the eyes of slave masters. Here the slaves began mixing the Christian faith with African rhythms and singing, which led to the formation of the Negro spirituals (Maffly-Kipp). Most spirituals contained two-folded meanings of worship and freedom. From time to time, (especially in February or around January 15th) well hear some of these old Negro spirituals in todays predominantly black churches. Maffly-Kipp infers as the Africans made their appeals of justice unto God, they were also organizing and readying escapes.According to Melva Wilson Costen, author of African American Christian Worship, the first African American church of record, founded in 1758 in Luneberg, VA, was called Bluestone African Baptist Church owned mostly by slaves. The number of African American churches grew throughout the U.S. between the years of 1750-1800 (over 20 churches of record). Bluestone and subsequent black founded congregations contained partial white populations where they were outnumbered by blacks however Euro-American preachers, as controlling moderators, oversaw these churches.African Americans were not encouraged to head for the hills the congregations (though many were considerably powerful preachers and potential leaders) nor were they allowed any voting privileges. The African American Church continued to evolve in the South and dominant denominations of Baptist and Methodist expanded nationally from 1841-1865. Leadership began to change as did laws towards the end of the 19th century, post the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, 1865 Abolition of Slavery (13th Amendment), 1868 civilised Rights (14th Amendment) and 1870 take Rights (15th Amendment).The early Black Church played a significant map in social activism by oratorical pressing towards the abolitionist movement, assistingin the Underground Railroad, ministration in civic and social responsibility, and through slave insurrections. As Mitchell put it, in the root culture of Africa n Americans, postcode is excludable from the design and will of God (page 138).This is noteworthy were able to see a continuum of legislative struggle against Africans throughout American history, in a way which the church is affected and involved. In 1894, a pride-filled, yet rare, exception for African Americans occurred when the pastor of the first African Baptist Church was elected Moderator and sermonizer of the Philadelphia Baptist Association. While racial discrimination took many blows, one civil reference in Louisiana devastated the progression towards its elimination.In 1896 the U.S. Supreme dally rule to enact the separate-but-equal principles in the famous Plessy v Ferguson case, disregarding equality tour planting proliferate seeds of separatism throughout the nation (Records of Supreme Court). This legal opinion gravelly punctured the church as it promoted separation between Christians, which was unlike to the Love thy neighbor as thyself Christian teachings.As history reveals, for more than 50 years our national society was structured in such way to where the non-association between European Americans and minority races was the norm. After several years of social discomfort, the church began to take a stand against this legal inequality.In Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965 by Davis Houck and David Dixon a passion-filled recording of Dr. Martin Luther King jr. speaking at a conference in Nashville, TN on April 25, 1957 is referenced (pages 217-224). We find Dr. King proclaiming his strong conviction of faith and declaring his hope in God for deliverance while attacking the moral issues of the Supreme Courts decision made in the 1896 case.The revolutionary reverend, who led the Civil Rights Movement, charged the Christian Church with the responsibility of standing up against segregation and discrimination (Houck & Dixon, page 220), speaking to all Christians urging them to keep in mind that they answer to God a nd not the opinions of men. In all my interrogation, it was here that I saw the shift of focus from African American Christian Heritage to just Christian Heritage.How difficult would it be for the masses to gain this concept after hundredsof years of contradictory conditioning?We now live in an era postdating the Civil Rights Movement by more than 40 years in a time where we as a nation elected our first African American president. In the most diverse area of the region (San Francisco), while we are starting to see more racially structured churches in the Bay Area, 1100am Sunday morning for some reason continues to be the most segregated hour across the U.S. Clearly these historical events continue to affect todays African Americans within church communities and all people within congregational communities. What else can be concluded from this research? Old habits die hard..Works CitedAmmerman, Nancy Tatom. Congregation & Community. New Brunswick Rutgers University Press, 1997. PrintCosten, Melva Wilson. African American Christian Worship. Nashville Abingdon Press, 1993. Print.Eckman, James P. Exploring Church History. Wheaton Crossway Books a division of Good News Publishers, 1996. Print.Houck, Davis W. Dixon, David E. Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965. Waco Baylor University Press, 2006. CityCat.Web. March 3, 2010. Maffly-Kipp, L.. African American Religion In the Beginning. Mississippi Link 4 Feb. 2010,Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Web. 3 Mar. 2010.Mitchell, Henry H. Black Chruch Beginnings The Long-Hidden Realities of the First Years. Grand Rapids William B. Eerdmans Publising Company, 2004. Print.Records of the Supreme Court of the get together States. Plessy v Ferguson OurDocuments.gov, May 18, 1896, Web. March 3, 2010

How to Write an Executive Memo

Writing an Executive Memo Your strategy professors contain asked the English skill to cover the administrator memorandumrandaranda, which you entrust use in your strategic steering assort, for two reasons * The ability to write a short, informative, well-written memo like this will serve you well in your future careers. * Writing a nice memo is difficult and requires practice. Students in past strategic management classes have had trouble with the guidelines youll see in the following paragraph. Please read this schedule carefully and be prepared to demonstrate your redeing during the next class session.An executive memo is a short (no more(prenominal) than 500 words) intimate document whose purpose is to make strategic recommendations to a company. The executive memo has 4 parts the regaining, the recommendation, the action object, and the discussion of alternatives, in that order. When you write your executive memo, there are several important guidelines to keep in promontory * The memo is short, so every word should count. Dont shoot a line time giving the company information it already has (i. e. , what the company does, how untold its sold, and so forth * Its important that you present the material in the order given here. This is non creative writing * Everything in the memo should be connected to the vent at hand the recommendation, the action visualize, and the alternatives should totally serve to resolve the riposte. * Since the memo concentratees on the issue, it is crucial that you state the issue clearly. Starting your memo the dependant line Make sure your subject line encapsulates the main issue of your memo. Section 1 The Issue * The memo should begin with a statement of the strategy enigma you will terminus (i. . , you are defining the problem). This definition is key because it determines the direction which the rest of the memo will take. * It is vital to distinguish between observational information and the problem you want to solve. Be crystal clear and specific about the issue you will address. Your issue section should do the following * Identify the root problems associated with the issue. * Provide a measure of how significant the problem is. * Provide a sense of how urgent the problem is. * Identify the risk if the issue is not addressed.Section 2 Recommendation(s) This section comes early in the memo because its more important that the commentator see it than the alternatives. Nevertheless, its best to write your alternatives introductory and choose from among them. * Your recommendation must be one of your alternatives and must tint back to the issue and causes you have defined initially. * State CLEARLY what resolvent you recommend and briefly why it represents the best alternative. * Normally, the recommendation will be one alternative however, sometimes it may incorporate one persuasion of a second option. Indicate briefly that you understand whatever drawbacks may exist to the solution you have chosen. * Make sure your recommendation is graphic given physical and economic limitations. Section 3 Action program This section should be a brief bullet list. The action plan is a schedule for the implementation of the recommendations you have made. * The goal of the action plan is to show the reader (your boss) the scope of the activity involved and demonstrate your understanding of what has to be done to complete it. * Since someone else will probably stomach out the recommendations, your action plan gives that person a template to follow. move it up into activity periods Immediate, Short term, etc. , with days in brackets. This gives the reader a sense of the time period the program will be finished in. Section 4 Discussion of alternatives This section helps the reader understand how you came to your decision and demonstrates that you considered the issue thoroughly. Be sure to present three commonsensical alternatives. * The section should begin wit h a brief introductory paragraph for priming this paragraph should include the basic criteria which the alternatives are judged on. You should then move on to discuss THREE alternatives, which should all have a similar focus 3 on a new target market, 3 on a marketing strategy, 3 on new distribution channels, etc. * For each alternative, you need to give factors in its favour and the reasons for your rejection, in some other words, the pros and cons of each alternative. As you analyze each alternative, keep in headland the risk factor(s) you identified for the issue. * Remember that alternatives and the arguments you make for it must address the issue you have defined.

Chinese Inventions Essay

China is unlike any other agricultural winning a trip to China would be a ambitiousness come true China is cognise for several years of their germinal and usable inventions. Along with the many useful inventions, China was known for the root recorded observation of comets and solar eclipses. China has been creative for with their contributions to the world. China created useful inventions such as toilet paper, bristle tooth brushes, paper, printing, gun powder, and the compass. (Chinas perception and Technology, 1999) Although, we as individuals cannot hot with forbidden some of Chinese items, before the Chinese inventions we had no choose. Before the invention of paper bamboo silk, papyrus and parchment were use for writing. In 105 BC, Chinese invented what we referre today as paper from bamboo, bark, hemp, and rags. Shortly afterward in 206 B.C- A.D. 220, paper and ink were invented, the first form of printing on paper came from rubbings. This process consisted of using a brush in inn to smooth pieces of paper, the paper was then carefully coaxed into the depressions, and left to dry with a fan.Paper was also apply to pretend things like raincoats, windows and umbrellas. In which brings us to our next roughly useful invention. (Chinas Science and Technology, 1999) The fan was also invented by Chinese the fan was mostly carried by women and solders. They were do out of bamboo and silk. The fan consisted of bamboo spines sticking out in almost a half-circle with silk mantled around it. The silk that was used on the fan was also one of the creative inventions of China. Silk was discovered as one of the best materials for clothing. The Emperors wore nevertheless white silk robes to signify richness. Shortly after, silk was introduced to the general public and was used as clothing, decorations, musical instruments and even fishing lines. (Chinas Science and Technology, 1999) The compass was made from a wooden circle and a magnetic spoon on top. It was used as a mechanism when houses were built to check for complete harmony with nature.When invented, the compass was intended for religious purposes only. (Chinas Science and Technology, 1999) wellness was one of the most important things to the Chinese culture. The Chinese had many remedies that include natural herbs and acupuncture. Herbal remedies were not the only remedies used to heal the wan in China doctors also used organs and parts from animals. organs such as the sheeps eye were given to patients to eat in order to get cured from the sickness. In some cases, the Chinese used Elixir, which was a potion that they believed would increase your years of living. Along with herbal medicine, within the initiative Millennium BC Chinese invented a therapeutic method called Acupuncture, this was the most commonly used medical treatment.The intent of this technique was to restore wellness and well-being. It involved insertions of stainless steel needles into the acupuncture poi nts of the body. (Acupuncture, 2010) China was also known for their Military inventions, They were responsible for the inventions of the crossbow, poison gas, tear gas, fire lance and rockets. Among the spacious Military inventions gunpowder was the most usefull.Gunpowder was accidentally invented, the intent was to make the elixir of life and to make the emperor immortal. (Chinas Science and Technology, 1999) mint paper is something that is taken for granted. It was mentioned around 589 A.D. In Korea. Toilet paper was introduced in China in 1391, before toilet paper was invented Romans used saltwater-soaked sponge on a stick, in public restrooms. English used pages from books, Americans used newspaper and pages from books. After years and years, toilet paper has been mastered to what it is now. We cannot live without that clean feeling. (Chinas Science and Technology, 1999)ReferencesChinas Science and Technology. (1999, 7 30). Retrieved 2 21, 2012, from Crystalinks http//www.cry stalinks.com/chinascience.htmlAcupuncture. (2010, 2 7). Retrieved 2 21, 2013, from Crystalinks http//www.crystalinks.com/acupuncture.html

Dna Analysis Practical Write-Up

Title deoxyribonucleic acid analysis Aim a) separate and Purify Bacterial Chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid from a strain of E. coli b) visualization of restriction fragments by Agarose mousse cataphoresis Objectives * to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid from a strain of E. coli * to analyze and identify desoxyribonucleic acid by use of a spectro-photometer * to use restriction enzymes to sting desoxyribonucleic acid into fragments * to visualize the restriction fragments by colloidal change electrophoresis * to comp atomic number 18 the antithetical deoxyribonucleic acid fragments generated by use of molecular markersAbstract This work describes a lysis mode for the isolation and purification of bacterial genomic deoxyribonucleic acid and visualization of the restriction fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was noned that for one to isolate and purify bacterial chromosomal desoxyribonucleic acid several steps be taken into consid eration. deoxyribonucleic acid was constitute to absorb at 260nm wavelength in a UV spectrophotometer. Restriction enzymes were added to cleave desoxyribonucleic acid which would produce various DNA fragments. DNA commode be separated into different sized fragments by gel electrophoresis.The bacterial DNA was victorfully isolated and purified however it could not be observed by and by doning the gel. DNA analysis is a standard pract meth rink for shaping paternity or maternity, predisposition to disease, embryonic health and criminal guilty. however in our context, DNA analysis is mainly apply for predisposition of diseases in bacteria. Bacteria be pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases including cholera, syphilis, anthrax and leprosy. The well-nigh common fatal bacterial diseases atomic number 18 respiratory infections such as tuberculosis (Barnum S.R 1998). Nucleic acids encode in composition relating to cubicle structure and function. Cells carry t he mogul to make copies of their DNA and pass this information to daughter cells. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of ribose (a 5 carbon) sugar and either a purine and pyrimidine base at 1 position. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G) and the pyrimidine bases are cytosine (C), metric ton (T) and Uracil (U). Uracil is only set in motion in ribonucleic acid and thymine is only found in DNA (Wiser M. F 2002).Isolation of nucleic acid trine major(ip) types of techniques are employed in the isolation of nucleic acids differential solubility, ingress methods or density gradient centrifugation. The choice of method will aim on the type of DNA being isolated and the application. A major goal of nucleic acid isolation is the removal of proteins. The interval of nucleic acids from proteins is generally well-bred due to their different chemical properties. In particular, the highly charged orthophosphate backbone makes the nucleic acid s rather hydrophilic as compared to proteins which are more aquaphobic (Allison L.A 2012). Spectrophotometry is a versatile analytical tool. The underlying principle of spectrophotometry is to shine take fire on a sample and to analyze how the sample affects the light-headed. DNA absorbs light at a wavelength of approximately 260nm (Stryer 2006). Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the come to the foreward-developing force for the separation of mixtures. Separation is based size, shape and density. It utilizes density deviation between the particles/macromolecules and the middling in which these are dispersed (Gupta P. K 2006).Dispersed systems are subjected to artificially induced gravitational fields. A original is an aqueous resolution consisting of a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it and thencece it is employ to prevent an y change in the pH of a solution (Cowan M. K 2009). Electrophoresis is a diverse technique of separation used to separate and some measures purify macromolecules especially proteins and nucleic acids that differ in size, charge or conformation by an electric current (Stryer L. 2006). jelly electrophoresis refers to development a gel as an ant convective medium and or sieving medium during electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is most ordinarily used for separation of biological macromolecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein however, gel electrophoresis can be used for separation of nanoparticles. Materials utilize * Luria Broth medium * SET Buffer * TEN Buffer * Choloroform/isoamyl alcohol. 241 mixture * Phenol/ chloroform 11 (Buffer double-dyed(a) phenol) * Ethanol (95%) stored at -20? * Na Acetate * NaCl 5M sterilized by autoclaving atomic number 11 dodecylsulphate (SDS) 26% (w/v) * Bacteria cells * Plastic test tubes * Glass rods * Wi de wear pipette * Ice bath * Centrifuge * Ethidium bromide * Agarose * TBE buffer methodological analysis Each group carried out the following procedures Used two 50ml unfertilised plastic tubes, harvested cells by centrifugation for 10 min 4C. Combined pellets to let out approximately 1g wet cargo of cells. Washed the pellet, re- hang it in 20ml Ten buffer by gentle vortexing. Harvested the cells again as describe above. Re suspended the cells in 10ml of Set buffer and let them sit on ice for 5min.Added 1000L of lysozyme and incubated at 37? for 30 min. change integrity the cell suspension into two in separate sterile 50ml tubes. Added 5 ml Ten Buffer and 500l of SDS. Gently conflate the tubes by inverting them until lysis occurred. To each tube added 1ml 5M NaCl and an equal volume of buffer vestal phenol. The tubes were inverted till the mixture was emulsified. Separated the phases by centrifugation for 10min at 40C. corned the upper aqueous phase using a wide practise p ipette. When retaining the aqueous phase the pellicle at the user interface was avoided. Repeated the extraction until the interface was clear.Added an equal volume of chloroform and extract residual protein as described above. Transferred the upper aqueous phases from both tubes to a 100ml beaker. Set them on ice and added 1/10th volume 3M Na acetate. Precipitate the DNA by addition of 2 volumes of ice cold 95% neutral spirits. Mixed exhaustively and allow it to stand for about 5min on ice for the DNA to devolve. Spooled the DNA out of solution on a glass rod, dipped it into a tube of 95% ethanol and re-suspended in 10ml Ten Buffer. Left to break apart overnight at 4C B) Gel electrophoresis The gel was prepared by melting 1. 6g of agarose plus 200ml of 0. x TBE buffer. Swirled the mixture and allowed it to change to 55?. Added 10? l ethiduim dye Loaded the gel in the following order 1. Undigested pBSK 2. pBSK + digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 3. Undigested DNA from a blue col ony 4. DNA from a blue colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba 1 5. Undigested DNA from a duster colony 6. DNA from a white colony digested with Eco R1 and Xba1 7. Lambda Hind III molecular weight markers after loading the gel it was run at 100 volts for 2 hours. Results We managed to precipitate DNA out of the Bacterial cells. DNA was seen a small white like fragments.However we could not spool the DNA out of solution using glass rods due to fact that DNA is a fragile raise hence when we twisted / spooled for DNA we destroyed the DNA strands cutting them into small fragments. The following day, analysis of the DNA sample in a spectrophotometer was carried out. It was found that DNA absorbed a specific wavelength of 260nm. This proved the presence of DNA in the sample. Our sample was digested by restriction enzymes and labeled the DNA fragments with an appointment dye and ran them on the Gel electrophoresis together with molecular weight markers.After running the gel no observe adeq uate bands of different band fragments were observed. Only the molecular weight markers bands were observed. Discussion The TEN and SET buffer were used to lyse the cells. They are good buffering agent, which solubilizes the DNA, while protecting it from degradation. Eluting and storing the DNA in TBE Buffer is encouraging if the EDTA does not affect the downstream applications. EDTA chelates or binds to Mg2+ ions present in purified DNA and can help inhibit likely contaminating nuclease activity (Cowan M. K 2009).Balancing of test tubes before centrifugation in order for the centrifugation process to be efficient to create centrifugal field that results in maximum separation of cell components. According to Wiser M. F 2002, DNA is very insoluble in ethanol and isopropanol, but both alcohols are very water soluble. Thus, it will fire in water to form a solution and cause the DNA in the solution to aggregate and precipitate out. Isopropanol is often let out to use because it has greater potency in precipitating the DNA and frankincense lower assimilation is required. This is advantageous because it will take less time for the isopropyl alcohol to evaporate.Salts such as atomic number 11 chloride and ammonium acetate channelise histone and non-histone chromosomal proteins bound to the DNA. As soon as 95% ethanol was added after sodium acetate for DNA precipitation, the whole solution cancelled cloudy with a lot of white precipitate, precipitating down. According to Allison L. A, 2012 sodium acetate which is negatively charged and low pH was used which contributes to charging positively the DNA. A combination of this plus high salt molarity enhances formation of aggregates of DNA and facilitates the pelleting procedure. Chloroform isoamyl-alcohol is a type of detergent.It binds to protein and lipids of cell membrane and dissolves them. By this it disrupted the bonds that hold the cell membrane together and cause it to breakdown. It then forms complexes w ith these lipids and proteins, causing them to precipitate out of solution (Besty T and Keogh J 2005). This rock-bottom chance of contaminated DNA being obtained hence making it possible for us to be able to precipitate DNA only. Alcohol (95%ethanol) is used to precipitate DNA. SDS which stands for sodium dodecyl sulfate is a strong anionic detergent that can solubilize the proteins and lipids that form the membranes.This will helped the cell membranes and nuclear envelopes to break down and peril the chromosomes that contain the DNA. In addition to removing the membrane barriers, SDS helped release the DNA from histones and other DNA screen proteins by denaturing them (Barnum S. R 1998). Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. When exposed to unseeable light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after b inding to DNA (Wiser M.F 2012). molecular(a) weight size is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel. These markers were composed of nucleic acids of different sizes. A few reasons you whitethorn not see bands on the gel after electrophoresis When preparing the gel for electrophoresis TBE buffer was used. This was done so that the temperature can be keep and lubricate the electrolyte. Loading dye was added this helped weigh down the DNA so that it can sink into the bottom wells and not float in the buffer solution. According to Gupta P.K, 2006 loading dye moves quickly than the actual DNA parts so it is an indicator to when to turn off the power on the electrophoresis chamber. The dye also makes the DNA visible to the naked eye, bountiful it a purplish color and making it easier to work with. After Gel electrophoresis no bands of DNA were observed. This according Allison L. A (2012) might open been as a result of any of the foll owing * DNA concentration might have been too low. * DNA sample is contaminated with RNA and Protein * DNA bands are too small and have run out of the gel The buffer system in which the gel is suspended is not doing its job correctly. The buffer might have to be made fresh. * The electrophoresis apparatus is not in the correct orientation (electrodes not committed to the right poles). The major drawback in the experiment was that our fellow colleagues were not able to isolate and purify their DNA. Also when working with DNA temperature regulations were not sometimes adhered to, it was sometimes left on the surface tables for long periods esp. when the samples were being analyze in the spectrophotometer.Recommendations With proper teamwork and co-ordination among my fellow classmates much larger quantities of DNA could have been isolated and purified. The DNA should not be kept at means conditions for a long time. Conclusion The experiment was partly a success managed to isolate and purify DNA, analyzed it using a spectrophotometer. However bands of DNA could not be visualized after running the gel. References 1. Allison L. A. (2012). Fundamental Molecular Biology, 2nd edition. Denvers. outhouse Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Barnum Susan.R, (1998), Biotechnology An introduction, bracing Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. 3. Besty Tom and Keogh Jim, (2005), Microbiology demystified, New York MacGraw-Hill. 4. Cowan Majorie Kelly, (2009), Microbiology A Systems Approach, 3rd edition New York MacGraw-Hill. 5. Gupta, P. K. (2006). Elements of Biotechnology, Meerut. Rastogi Publications. 6. Stryer L, Berg J. M and John Tymozcko. (2006). Biochemistry. 5th edition. California. W. H Freeman and Company. 7. Wiser, M. F. (2002). Methods in cell biology. Berlin. Springer Verlog CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYName Tanyaradzwa R Ngara Reg Number C1110934J Course Recombinant DNA Technology Module Code CUBT 203 computer programme Biotechnology Level 21 Lecturer Dr Mlambo Practical Write-up DNA analysis